Foliosate

Lichens Crustose lichens, foliose lichens, fruticose lichen... 

Massive coral Foliose coral Encrusting coral... 

Hi Tabular Branching Foliose H Massive Encrusting I I Others... 

Figure 10. The toxic effect of Zn on foliose and fruticose lichens as observed near the river Spean, Spean-Bridge, Scotland, September, 1991.

Pseudocyphelarins. P. A C2iH220g, Mr 402.40, prisms, mp. 173-175 C. A depside from the foliose lichen Pseudocyphellaria vaccina, occurring together with P. B (C2 H240g, Mr 404.42). 

C21H20O7, Mr 384.39, orange-red cryst., mp. 201 °C. An anthraquinone from the foliose lichen Solorina crocea, the undersides of the thalli are colored orange. S. is used as a reference substance for HPLC analysis of lichen substances. 

Corals S5. 20 cm No discrete subparticles 0-35 Breinching, massive and encrusting coreils Foliose and encrusting corals Porous (porcellaneous) Cohesionless (sandy gravel) Mg-calcite aragonite... 

Ireland (1971) surveyed the presence of pseudoparaphyllia in North American pleurocarps but found them only in one out of seven species of Entodon examined. Foliose pseudoparaphyllia were found in E. macropodus. Buck (1980) also reported the presence of fohose pseudoparaphyllia in Entodontaceae. 

Fig. 1.2 Main morphological groups of lichen thallus. (a) Cmstose (b) foliose (c) fruticose...

In nature, lichens grow very slowly. Their radial growth is measured in millimetres per year. Hale (1973) made the following generalisation about growth rates of lichens most foliose species grow 0.5-4 mm/year, fruticose species 1.5-5 mm/year and cmstose species 0.5-2 mm/year. 

Dena ina (Alaska, USA) sheh tsadn nde A large foliose lichen is used for coughs, tuberculosis, and general sickness. Boil and drink decoction. Also used for bleeding that won t stop (Garibaldi 1999)... 

Seri (Sonora, Mexico) hast yamdsa ( rock lichen ) Gray foliose and orange crustose lichens on rocks are taken as a tea to induce vomiting (Felger and Moser 1985)... 

When antioxidant capacities of the lichens are compared with their phenolic constituents, it could be concluded that antioxidative nature of the lichens might depend on their phenolics. There are many reports which correlate the total phenolic content of lichens and their antioxidant activity. For example, for the methanol extract of Lobaria pulmonaria, there was a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (Odabasoglu et al. 2004). Kekuda et al. (2012) found highly positive relationship between total phenols and antioxidant activity in methanol extract of a foliose macrolichen Everniastrum cirrhatum. 

Certainly the growth form of lichen thalli cannot be considered as a principal characteristic on which taxonomy can be based. The foliose lichens, for example, do not form a taxonomic group of related species but only a morphological unity. The lichens of one family, even of one genus, may belong to the crustose, foliose, and fruticose growth form. 

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