Solorina crocea

C21H20O7, Mr 384.39, orange-red cryst., mp. 201 °C. An anthraquinone from the foliose lichen Solorina crocea, the undersides of the thalli are colored orange. S. is used as a reference substance for HPLC analysis of lichen substances. 

Deriv Averythrin, red prisms, mp 229-231 °C (dec.), by demethylation of averythrin-6-monomethylether with HBr in AcOH StL Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. 

MS, m/z 384 (M+), 366,341, 313 Deriv Triacetylsolorinic acid, yellow crystals (benzene-n-hexane), mp 147 °C, by acetylation of solorinic acid with AC20-pyridine StL Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. 

Ebizuka Y, Sankawa U, Shibata S (1970) The constituents of Solorina crocea averythrin 6-monomethyl ether and methyl gyrophorate. Phytochemistry 9 2061-2063... 

Kinoshita K, Matubara H, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Yoshimura I, Yamamoto Y (1993) A higher alcohol from Solorina crocea. Bibl Lichenol 53 129-135 Kinoshita K, Matsubara H, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Yoshimura I, Yamamoto Y, Higuchi M, Miura Y, Kinoshita Y, Kawai K-I (1994a) New phenolics from Protousnea species. J Hattori Bot Lab 75 359-364 Kinoshita K, Matsubara H, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Yoshimura I, Yamamoto Y, Miura M, Kinoshita Y, Kawai K-I (1994b) Topics in the chemistry of lichen compounds. J Hattori Bot Lab 76 227-234 Kinoshita Y (1993) The production of lichen substances for pharmaceutical use by lichen tissue culture. Dissertation, Kyoto Univ, pp 1-77... 

Matsubara H, Kinoshita K, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Yoshimura I, Yamamoto Y, Kawai K-I (1994) An amino acid from Solorina crocea. Phytochemistry 37 1209-1210... 

Steglich W, Jedtke K-F (1976) Neue Anthra-chinonfarbstoffe aus Solorina crocea. Z Naturforsch 31c 197-198... 

Averantin (154) and 6-0-methylaverantin (155) have been isolated from the lichen Solorina crocea 306). Although averantin was originally isolated from fungi 16), 6-0-methylaverantin is a novel metabolite. 

The novel bisanthraquinone disolorinic acid (176) was isolated from the lichen Solorina crocea 306). This metabolite co-occurred with its monomeric precursor, solorinic acid, which facilitated structural elucidation. 

Mt. Tacul (Savoie) 4200 Solorina crocea, Squamaria concolor, Haematomma ventosum Frey (1968/1969)... 

The concept of forma can be reserved for a slightly genetically deviating population which occurs dispersed over the area of the parent population and does not form a larger population and unique area. Examples of this are probably the mutant populations of Solorina crocea and Parmelia centri-fuga. 

Solorinic acid (15) from Solorina crocea was characterized by Roller and Russ (1937). The demethyl compound, norsolorinic acid (14), was produced by A. versicolor (Hamasaki et aL, 1967b) and S. crocea L. (Anderson et aL, 1966). Aspergillus versicolor furthermore yielded both averantin (16) (Birkinshaw et aL, 1966) and T-O-methylaverantin (17) (Aucamp and Holzapfel, 1970). Drastic acid treatment converted these two compounds into averythrin (18), a metabolite of A. versicolor (RobQvts and Rofiey, 1965). 

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