Folded waveguide

The composition of the copolymer determines its electroluminescence efficiency. Optimal efficiency (0.3%) was achieved in system 34 when the feed ratio of monomer 4 to monomer 34 was 9 1. This represents a 30-fold improvement in luminescence efficiency relative to PPV in the same device configuration (AlALOj/polymer/Al) 58, 62. Copolymer 33 has found uses as waveguides and... 

Fig. 9.12 Top view of folded path waveguide layouts using (a) a double spiral and (b) a grid configuration. Both images are taken using an InGaAs infra red camera while X 1550 nm light is coupled into the silicon waveguide chip...

Fig. 9.13 Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor interrogation circuit using (a) conventional linear waveguide geometry and (b) folded spiral waveguide geometry. The dashed line in (b) indicates the sensor window boundaries in this infra red camera image...

The other noteworthy oxidoreductase system is the redox activity of polyethylene oxide modified cyt c in [EMIM][CF3MeS02l by optical waveguide spectroelectro-chemical analysis [109]. Cyt c was effectively dissolved in IL due to the polyethylene oxide side chains and found to be stable over a period of a month [109]. But the report also confirms that organic bulky ions in ILs do not offer any advantage rather are disadvantageous for electron transfer reactions of proteins having shielded cofactor inside the folded polypeptide domain since no cyclic voltammogram of polyethylene oxide coated cyt c was detected in IL. 

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