Flux, integrated

Module change-out is based on preset number of uses, time, or when performance (retention, flux, integrity) drops below preset specifications. 

The dependence of T on energy for charged-particle decay can be found as follows. The decay rate is the probability density flux integrated over surface area at infinity, i.e. 

There are now a number of options open to scientists who need to analyse stable isotopes as part of their research. The choice is dependent on many factors, such as the type of sample, the precision of measurements required, the amount of sample available, and the number of samples to be analysed. Dual inlet IRMS is still the technique of choice those scientists who need to measure a few samples to very great precision. More often, scientists want to determine a trend in conditions over time, or a flux integrated over an area. In these cases, CF-IRMS will be preferred. Continuous-flow IRMS is also preferred when a limited amount of sample material is available, as it is able to analyze far smaller samples (between 10 and several hundred times smaller) than DI-IRMS. 

The total differential decay rate P(t) which corresponds to the photon flux integrated over all spatial angles and polarizations. 

On shell fiiquidl side. Mass balances for species A and B in the bulk liquid now relate the net rate of material loss to the flux integrated over the external surface of the membrane tube ... 

The mass balance for sulphur in Fig. 7.17b represents the various fluxes integrated over the whole globe. Because all the different sulphur compounds shown in Fig. 7.18 have atmospheric residence times (see Section 3.3) of only a few days and so are not well mixed, their distributions in the air are often inhomogeneous. Indeed, for any particular region of the atmosphere, it is likely that one of the major sulphur sources will dominate and thence determine the acidity of rain and aerosols. In general, for remote—particularly marine—areas, the DMS-S02-SOj route is likely to control, whereas close to urbanized/industrialized land,... 

A large number of explicit numerical advection algorithms were described and evaluated for the use in atmospheric transport and chemistry models by Rood [162], and Dabdub and Seinfeld [32]. A requirement in air pollution simulations is to calculate the transport of pollutants in a strictly conservative manner. For this purpose, the flux integral method has been a popular procedure for constructing an explicit single step forward in time conservative control volume update of the unsteady multidimensional convection-diffusion equation. The second order moments (SOM) [164, 148], Bott [14, 15], and UTOPIA (Uniformly Third-Order Polynomial Interpolation Algorithm) [112] schemes are all derived based on the flux integral concept. 

For experiments that utilize the entire vertical fan, either with large samples or with focusing optics, the important parameter is the flux integrated over all vertical angles, which is the brightness above. The equation for the flux (photons/sec/0.1% bandwidth /horizontal mrad) is ... 

Here F is the water flux (cmVcmVs) perpendicular to the isotherms, ay is 1-3- 10 (Wood 1986), the geothermal gradient, VT = 30°C/km and p is the density of quartz (2.65 g/cm ). From this we can calculate what it takes to precipitate 1% quartz cement (Vc=0.01). The fluid flux integrated over time must be 3-10 (cm /cm ) (Bjprlykke 1994). This corresponds to a 30 km long column of water. If the porosity is 10%, 300 km of sediments must be compacted to nearly zero porosity to provide this amount of water. In most of the basin the pore water will be subsiding relative to the surface which implies that it will in most cases be heated and therefore dissolve minute amounts of quartz... 

Note that for semi-infinite media in case of conservative scattering, a = 1, we find from Eqs. (33a), (33) and (30) that the energy flux integral for the surface Green s function matrix will be equal to zero. 

Figure 4.5 reports the axial distribution of the radiative flux as predicted by the ESSDE model at the same radial distance than that of Figure 4.4 (6.6 cm from the lamp axis). Each point of Figure 4.5 represents the radiative flux integrated over the wavelength... 

Figure 5.111 shows the fluctuations of the photon flux integrated in 1 ms intervals over an interval of 1 second. Due to the diffusion of the GFP moleeules, the intensity fluctuations are clearly larger than the Poisson statistics of the average photon number. Figure 5.112 shows the fluorescence decay function over several laser periods and the FCS function. 

Pout (hydrogen production rate) x (hydrogen energy density) Pjji solar flux integrated over illuminated area... 

But p is the mean energy flux, integrated over the volume, for a system in equilibrium and moving with the velocity v = P/M, where M is the total mass. Consequently we have... 

The existence of fairly large delocalized electron flow was demonstrated in H2O, BH3, NH3, CH4, CH3-CH3, HsO-, CH3+, and NH/, by plots of quantum mechanical current density and by current susceptibilities, Eq. (7.55), calculated by accurate ab initio methods [102, 145]. The latter, also referred to as current strengths measured in nano ampere per tesla, are defined via flux integrals evaluated over suitably chosen molecular domains [76]. Simple procedures, allowing for ideal current models based on the BS law [46], have been applied to predict the ability of a certain molecule to support magnetic-field induced electron currents flowing through an interatomic circuit [77, 141-143]. 

Weckler, G.P., Operation of p-n Junction Photodetectors in a Phton Flux Integrating Mode. IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, 1967. SC-2(3) p. 65-73. 

Leonard BP, MacVean MK, Lock AP (1995) The flux integral method for multidimensional convection and diffusion. Appl Math Model 19 333-342... 

Pwason fluxes integrate along oriented actin filaments into bulk AS, pressure gradients, and electrical polarization, all in the same direction, as verified also at the cellular level in the following examples. 

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