Flux injection analysis

Amperometric sensing of selected species in liquids is widely extended with an enormous variety of materials and applications, which include electrochemical detection coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and flux injection analysis. In these cases, high sensitivity and high reproducibility are required. These properties are conditioned by electrode fouling associated to formation of solid deposits and adsorbates on the electrode surface. As a result, the electrode experiences memory effects with concomitant loss of analytical performance. 

F.V. Almeida, J.R. Guimaraes, W.F. Jardim, Measuring the CO2 flux at the air/water interface in lakes using flow injection analysis, J. Environ. Monit. 3 (2001) 317-321. 

Fig. 6.2 shows a simplified diagram of the basic STIG plant with steam injection S per unit air flow into the combustion chamber the state points are numbered. Lloyd 2 presented a simple analysis for such a STIG plant based on heat input, work output and heat rejected (as though it were a closed cycle air and water/steam plant, with external heat supplied instead of combustion and the exhaust steam and air restored to their entry conditions by heat rejection). His analysis is adapted here to deal with an open cycle plant with a fuel input/to the combustion chamber per unit air flow, at ambient temperature To, i.e. a fuel enthalpy flux of/7i,o. For the combustion chamber, we may write... 

More ambitious attempts at measuring the heterogeneity of the atmospheric aerosol have been undertaken as well. Single-particle analysis by mass spectrometry was demonstrated by Sinha and co-workers (31, 32). In this technique, an aerosol sample is introduced into a vacuum chamber in the form of a particle beam. The particles are injected into a Knudsen cell oven, where they undergo many collisions with the cell wall and are ultimately vaporized and ionized. The ions are then mass-analyzed with a quad-rupole or sector mass spectrometer. So that individual particles can be analyzed, the flux of particles into the Knudsen cell is limited so that coincidence errors are minimized. Ion pulses from individual particles allow the determination of the amount of the species being analyzed in the particular particle. The sensitivity of the technique is limited. For sodium, the detection... 

Figure 12.2 Bioluminescence images were taken 10 h after administration of a single dose of rapamycin (4.5 JLg/g, intraperitoneal) (right panel) or vehicle control (left panel). Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, injected i.p. with D-luciferin (150 p.g/g in PBS) and then imaged 10 min later with a CCD camera (1 min exposure, binning 8, f-stop 1, FOV 15 cm). Regions of interest (ROI) used for analysis are shown. Flux units are photons/sec/cm /sr.

Histologic analysis of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of liver and heart from male PPARa mice following a single injection of etomoxir revealed marked lipid accumulation in both organs with high fatty acid oxidative flux (Fig. 3A). The sections were also stained with oil red O, a method for staining of neutral lipids (Fig. 3B). The livers of PPARa-/- male and female vehicle-treated control mice contained patchy areas of small red droplets but not their heart, consistent with the existence of a mild... 

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