Fluorophores fluorescent molecules, synthesis

Fluorophores are relative small molecules that, with some exceptions, are not naturally occurring and have to be synthesized chemically. There has been a large development in the synthesis of fluorescent molecules and nowadays there is a vast range of alternatives including dyes with improved photochemical properties, solubility or modified reactivity that allow for conjugation to other molecules of interest and the synthesis and application of fluorescent sensors [10, 13], Although a lot is known about the physics of fluorescence and a lot of information is available about the properties of dyes, their prediction from the chemical structures cannot be accurately done. For this reason, there has been a... 

Alternative labeling methods are solid-phase organic tagging resins, which incorporate a reactive group within the bioactive molecule to be further derivatized with a reporter tag. This strategy is particularly useful when orthogonally protected fluorophores are not available or incompatible with the reaction conditions employed in solid-phase synthesis. Finally, other protocols have also been estabhshed for specific applications, such as labehng small amounts of antibodies with fluorescent molecules. ... 

Fluorescent SAMs on glass have been developed by Crego-Calama et al. as new sensor materials. In 1999, the phenomenon of proximal but spatially separable receptor-fluorophore communication was recorded in solution by Tonellato et al.33 and in 2001 Crego et al. demonstrated for the first time that disconnection between fluorophore and receptor can be applied to the preparation of stable sensitive fluorescent materials for metal ion sensing.34 They used SAMs on glass substrates as a 2D scaffold to impart sufficient molecular orientation to separately deposit various binding functionalities (rather than the entire receptor molecule) and the fluorophore on the surface to achieve analyte selectivity. This approach avoids the synthesis and... 

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