Fluorination chlor

Monopolar cells operate at low voltages, and may requite high amperages. Industrial citcuits of cells may consist of one hundred or more monopolar cells in series. Monopolar electrodes are used in some membrane chlor-aLkaU cells (Figs. 4 and 5), fluorine cells (Fig. 6), and in metal electrowinning cells (Fig. 7). 

Fluorination of hydroxy steroids with diethyl (2-chlor o-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl) amine... 

Chlor o-5,6a-difluor o-5a-cholestane69,70—Materials. The fluorine was obtained from Allied Chemical Corp. and passed through a sodium fluoride HF scrubber prior to use. Freon 11 (CC13F) and 4A Molecular sieves were carefully dried before use. 

When heated in fluorine a volatile fluoride is formed, and in chlorine a chloride is obtained, possibly the dichloride, RuC12. Ignition with potassium chloride in a current of chlorine yields potassium chlor-ruthenate, which is soluble in water. 

Zeolites have also proven applicable for removal of nitrogen oxides (NO ) from wet nitric acid plant tail gas (59) by the UOP PURASIV N process (54). The removal of NO from flue gases can also be accomplished by adsorption. The Unitaka process utilizes activated carbon with a catalyst for reaction of NOy with ammonia, and activated carbon has been used to convert NO to N02, which is removed by scrubbing (58). Mercury is another pollutant that can be removed and recovered by TSA. Activated carbon impregnated with elemental sulfur is effective for removing Hg vapor from air and other gas streams the Hg can be recovered by ex situ thermal oxidation in a retort (60). The UOP PURASIV Hg process recovers Hg from chlor-alkali plant vent streams using more conventional TSA regeneration (54). Mordenite and clinoptilolite zeolites are used to remove HC1 from Cl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and reformer catalyst gas streams (61). Activated aluminas are also used for such applications, and for the adsorption of fluorine and boron—fluorine compounds from alkylation (qv) processes (50). 

CHLOR-METHAN (German) (74-87-3) Flammable gas (flash point <32°F/<0°C). Moisture causes decomposition. Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, acetylene, anhydrous ammonia, amines, fluorine, interhalogens, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and their alloys. Reacts with barium, lithium, titanium. Contact with powdered aluminum or aluminum chloride forms pyrophoric trimethylaluminum may cause ignition or explosion. Attacks plastics, rubber, and coatings. 

In addition to the two largest electrolytic industries, chlor-alkah and aluminum extraction, carbon anodes have been used for the manufacture of other inorganic products. These include fluorine and ozone manufacture, two chemistries requiring the anode to operate at extreme positive potentials. In organic electrosynthesis, carbons have been used as both anodes and cathodes. 

Many industrial electrolytic processes (e,g, electroplating (section 8.1), chlor-alkali (Chapter 3), water electrolysis (section 5,2) and fluorine evolution (section 5J )) operate primarily under charge-transfer control. Any increase in the average current density is expected to cause a less uniform current distribution. 

The term used at head of this section needs definition. Let it include in this context all those commercial processes which use electrical current for the production of materials. The chlor-alkali industry clearly comes under this heading, as does electrowinning and electrorefining of metals. Production of fluorine and fluorinated organic compounds will also be dealt with here. Other uses of electrode processes, such as electrochemical machining and electroforming are not included in this section. 

As shown in Table 1.1, the number of chemicals manufactured as bulk commodities is large. Consequently, in this account we have focused on just a few representative examples that embody the major considerations which underpin the operation of a viable manufacturing unit. These are sulfuric acid phosphoric acid ammonia, nitric acid and nitrates the chlor-alkali industry and the inorganic fluorine industry. 

---