Fluorescent analogs

De Biasio, R.L., Wang, L.-L., Fisher, G.W., Taylor, D.L. (1988). The dynamic distribution of fluorescent analogs of actin and myosin in protrusions at the leading edge of migrating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 107,2631-2645. 

Pyrrolo-dc and pyrrolo-c fluorescent analogs of cytidine and 2 -deoxycytidine for the study of oligonucleotides. Tet Lett 45 2457-2461... 

Simon, J.R., and Taylor, D.L. (1988) Preparation of a fluorescent analog Acetamidofluoresceinyl labeled dictyostelium discoideum a-actin. In Methods in Enzymology, (R.B. Vallee, ed.), Vol. 134, p. 47. Academic Press, San Diego. 

Yguerabide, J. and Yguerabide, E.E., Light-scattering submicroscopic particles as highly fluorescent analogs and their use as tracer labels in clinical and biological applications. Anal. Biochem., 262, 137-176, 1998. 

A new class of lipophilic ferrichrome analogs carrying acetoxymethyl ester moieties 203 has been synthesized and shown to penetrate rapidly through cell membranes. Intracellular esterase mediated hydrolysis transformed the lipophilic termini from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The intracellular retention was visualized in hepatoma cells by labeling these analogs with a fluorescent naphthy-imide probe . Their fluorescence analogs retained their fluorescent properties for extended periods in comparison to hydrophobic derivatives 204 lacking the cleavable substituents. 

Figure 19-7 Scatchard plot for binding of antigen (X) to antibody (P). The antibody binds the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). The antigen is a fluorescent analog of TNT. From the slope, the binding constant for the reaction P + X PX is K 4.0 > 109M 1. [Derived from Figure 4 of A. Bromberg and R. A. Mathies, "Homogeneous Immunoassay for Defection of TNT on a Capillary Electrophoresis Chip"Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1188]...

Berry, D., Jung, K., Wise, D., Sercel, A., Pearson, W., Mackie, H., Randolph, J., and Somers, R. (2004). Pyrrolo-dC and pyrrolo-C Fluorescent analogs of cytidine and 2 -deoxycytidine for the study of oligonucleotides. Tetrahedron Lett. 45, 2457—2461. 

Alternatively, the same reaction can be assayed if adenosine is replaced by formycin A (FoA) (Fig. 4.14), a fluorescent analog. With this substrate, one product of the adenosine kinase reaction would be FoMP, the fluorescent analog of AMP, while AMP formed directly from ATP would not be fluorescent. Therefore, by monitoring both the fluorescence and the ultraviolet absorbance, using equipment arranged as shown in Figure 4.15, the analyst could follow both the kinase reaction and any secondary reactions. 

Figure 4.14 Comparison of structures of adenosine and its fluorescent analog formycin A.

The reaction mixture contained the substrate and buffer, and the reaction was started by the addition of the enzyme. In one study, the substrate was j formycin 5 -monophosphate, a fluorescent analog of AMP. The formation of i formycin A, the analog of adenosine, is shown in Figure 9.90 as a function of j incubation time. 

Adenosine kinase catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from ATP to adenosine (Ado) to form AMP and ADP. The separation of the reactants, Ado and ATP, from the products, AMP and ADP, can be accomplished by reversed-phase HPLC (Ci8) with isocratic elution with a mobile phase of 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 5.5) and 10% methanol. Detection depends on the substrate. In this assay, it is useful to replace the substrate adenosine with the fluorescent analog formycin A (FoA) and to monitor the column eluent with a fluorescence detector. Thus, ATP and any of its hydrolytic products will not be detected. 

The separations shown in Figure 9.103 was obtained for the fluorescent analog of ATP, formycin ATP (FoTP), which was used instead of ATP because... 

Fluorescent analogs of DCC are N-cyclohexyl-N -[4-(dimethylamino)-Q -naphthyl]carbodiimide (NCD ) and N-cyclohexyl-N -(l-pyrenyl)carbodiimide (PCD) which form fluorescent conjugates with mitochondrial electron transport particles or purified ATPase vehicles.N-cyclohexyl-N -(4-dimethylamino)-a-naphthylcarbodiimide... 

A peptide based library of RabGGTase inhibitors was reported by Guo et al. [39]. and Tan et al. [26] loosely based on the FTase inhibitor Pepticinnamin E (12, Table 8.2). This library containing 469 peptides was screened using an in vitro fluorometric Rab prenylation assay [40], employing a fluorescent analoge of GGPP, named NBD-FPP, as the prenyl... 

SIP is dephosphorylated by SIP phosphatases. The SIP phosphatase-1 isozyme decreases the transport of ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, as determined by the visualization of a fluorescent analog of ceramide that accumulates in the ER (98). SIP phosphatase type-2 is upregulated by inflammatory stimuli (99). 

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that short-chain cer-amides induce growth arrest (154). A fluorescent analog of C6-ceramide partitioned into caveolin-enriched microdomains of rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells and led to growth arrest via activation of PKC-zeta, which is recruited to lipid microdomains and subsequently reduces the activity of Akt (155). 

Fluorescent derivatives of naltrindole have been prepared. The fluorescent analog in which fluorescein was attached through a tet-raglycine spacer to 7 -amino-NTI has been prepared (339) its fluorescence is blocked by NTI, indicating specific binding to 8 receptors. Recently, a fluorogenic "reporter affinity label" derivative of naltrindole, PNTI, was prepared from 7 -amino-NTI that, in contrast to its reversible counterpart, is an agonist in the MVD (340) (see Section 5.11 below). 

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