Fluid flow measurements

Clieremisinoff, N. P. Applied Fluid Flow Measurement (New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1979). 

Patel, B. R. and Sheikoholeslami, Z., Numerieal modelling of turbulent flow through the orifiee meter. International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Washington, D.C., November 1986. 

Kried, D. K.,J. M.Creer,J. M. Bates, M. S. Quigley, A. M. Sutey, and D. S. Rowe, 1979, Fluid Flow Measurements in Rod Bundles Using Laser Doppler Anemometry Techniques, Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over Rod or Tube Bundles, p. 13, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, ASME, New York. (3) Kudryavtsev, A. P., D. M. Ovechkin, D. N. Sorokin, V. I. Subbotin, and A. A. Tsyganok, 1967, Transfer... 

The evaluation of the commercial potential of ceramic porous membranes requires improved characterization of the membrane microstructure and a better understanding of the relationship between the microstructural characteristics of the membranes and the mechanisms of separation. To this end, a combination of characterization techniques should be used to obtain the best possible assessment of the pore structure and provide an input for the development of reliable models predicting the optimum conditions for maximum permeability and selectivity. The most established methods of obtaining structural information are based on the interaction of the porous material with fluids, in the static mode (vapor sorption, mercury penetration) or the dynamic mode (fluid flow measurements through the porous membrane). 

Several important types of fluid-flow-measuring devices are based on the frictionless form of Bernoulli s equation. Where the friction effects in these devices become significant, they are normally accounted for by introducing empirical coefficients and retaining the frictionless form of Bernoulli s equation, rather than by introducing the friction term into Bernoulli s equation. Thus, it seems appropriate to take up these devices before we discuss the friction term in Bernoulli s equation, even though these devices obviously involve some friction. 

Anemometry is a general term to represent the measurement of wind speed— anemos is the Greek word for wind. The earliest anemometer for meteorology is credited to Alberti in 1450. Hooke reinvented the device, which relied on cups or disks mounted on a pole that would rotate by the force of wind. Modern instruments to measure wind speed rely on laser Doppler shift, ultrasonic waves, propellers, and hot wire anemometers. The hot wire anemometer is commonly used for fluid flow measurements and in particular for research applications that require a detailed analysis of velocity in localized areas or for conditions... 

Controls. Before a furnace is removed from operation, all three forms of its control—temperature (input), air/fuel ratio, and furnace pressure—should be checked for proper operation. Then, when the furnace is down, these controls should be calibrated and cleaned, especially the fluid flow measuring components. Actuators need cleaning and lubrication. Lost motion in the control valve linkage should be corrected. 

Markov DA, Dotson S, Wood S, Bomhop DJ (2004) Noninvasive fluid flow measurements in microfiuidic channels with backscatter interferometry. Electrophoresis 25(21-22) 3805-3809... 

Fig. 4 Diagram of backscatter interferometry for fluid flow measurement [11]...

Basic Methodology Continuoiis Fluid Flow Measurement... 

The frictionless form of the Bernoulli equation is the basis for many fluid-flow measuring devices. These include the pitot tube, the pitot-static tube, the Venturi meter, and the orifice meter (see Figure 2-22). 

Equation (2-37) also applies to the fourth (Figure 2-22D) fluid-flow measuring device, the orifice plate. C behavior is, however, considerably different for Venturi and orifice meters (see Figures 2-23 and 2-24). 

Optical diagnostic techniques are desirable for fluid flow measurements due to their nonintrusive nature. Soon after the invention of the laser in the 1960s, the technique of laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) was developed. During the last three decades, the LDA technique has witnessed significant advancements. Three-component fiber optic-based LDA systems with frequency-domain signal... 

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