Fluid average

Fig. 3.12 Increase in the fluid average temperature. Reprinted from Rands et al. (2006) with permission...

As the isotropic average cos2 = 5, thermal motion of molecules in fluids averages the dipolar interaction to zero. 

Fig. 13 Integrated flow-through nanohole array concept (a) Schematic of the flow-through nanohole array in a chip-and-reader conflguration (b) Results of computational modeling showing predicted biomarker concentration profiles with through-hole fluid average velocities indicated...

Fluid average pressure higher than the pipe s yield strength (0.5) 1.2.4. Lining is a polymer other than polyurethane and PVC (0.3)... 

In general the two-fluid average potential model gives better results than the one-fluid model. The three-fluid model counts all binary inter actions and is, therefore, properly used at low densities. The van der Waals one-fluid... 

For constant axial waU temperature boundary conditions (T boundary cmiditions) (see Convective Heat Transfer in Microchaimels ), the characteristic temperature difference AT f is defined as the difference between the fluid average bulk temperature and the external temperarnre. 

With reference to Figure 1, the transient continuity and momentum equations for the two fluids averaged over the local layers thicknesses are ... 

Table 34.2 Average composition of plaque fluid. Average salivary vaiues are given for comparison...

Once again as with the circular tube case, we rely on an empirical approach. This involves making use of the notion that the shear stress occurring at the wall will be the same for a given fluid average velocity regardless of conduit shape. The result is the definition of a new term the hydraulic radius, / , where... 

Finally, the question of temperature dependence of the fluid (x, p, Cp, and k must be addressed because large changes of temperature caused alter the Reynolds and/or Prandtl number. Generally, the property most readily affected by temperature (and not always so) is the viscosity. With this in mind, the Nusselt number dependence also includes a viscosity ratio pn,liiw, where pib is the viscosity at the fluids bulk average temperature and /Au, is the viscosity at the fluids average wall temperature. 

All of the quantities in the above equation are known (/x = 0.000683 kg/m sec) except To get this value, we have to know the fluids average wall temperature. This temperature is between the fluids bulk average temperature of 37.5°C and the outside wall temperature of 150°C. We use a value of 93.75°C (the average of the two). At this temperature... 

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