Flow rate recovery process

Factors affecting RO membrane separations and water flux include feed variables such as solute concentration, temperature, pH, and pretreatment requirements membrane variables such as polymer type, module geometry, and module arrangement and process variables such as feed flow rate, operating time and pressure, and water recovery. 

A test run is conducted to evaluate the performance of a 50,000 bpd (331 m /hr) FCC unit. The feed to the unit is gas oil from the vacuum unit. No recycle stream is processed however, the off-gas from the delayed coker is sent to the gas recovery section. Products from the unit are fuel gas, LPG, gasoline, LCO, and decanted oil (DO). Tables 5-2 and 5-3 contain stream flow rates, operating data, and laboratory analyses. The meter factors have been adjusted for actual operating conditions. 

Design a cyclone to recover solids from a process gas stream. The anticipated particle size distribution in the inlet gas is given below. The density of the particles is 2500 kg/m3, and the gas is essentially nitrogen at 150°C. The stream volumetric flow-rate is 4000 m3/h, and the operation is at atmospheric pressure. An 80 per cent recovery of the solids is required. 

As with all process equipment, the design size of an evaporator system is dependent upon volumetric flow, specifically the rinsewater flow rate required and the volume of process solution dragout. When operated properly, a commercial evaporator can attain a 99% material recovery rate. 

Increasing pipe size downstream of the orifice (which offers a faster pressure recovery) is another option to intensify cavitation effects, but using pipes of larger size would require higher volumetric flow rates in order to carry out operation at the same cavitation number and this, results in an increase in the processing cost. 

The initial requirement in the development of a solvent extraction process for the recovery or separation of metals from an aqueous solution is knowledge of the solution composition, pH, temperature, and flow rate. Both pH and temperature can be adjusted, within certain economic limits, before feeding to the solvent extraction circuit, but only in a few cases can the leaching or dissolution conditions be dictated by the extraction process. Consequently, no serious development work on the extraction process can be carried out before the leaching conditions or the type of feed solution are established. 

The recovery process must also be kept in mind, and fundamental vapor liquid data, such as the formation of azeotropes, should be examined. Azeotropic data can be found in the literature [1], but are sometimes contradictory. Finally, solvents that are unstable, toxic, expensive, and high grade should be avoided, unless the product price is high and the feed flow rate is low. 

Feldspar, among many natural substances such as termite mount-clay, saw dust, kaolinite, and dolomite, offers significant removal ability for phosphate, sulfate, and color colloids. Optimization laboratory tests of parameters such as solution pH and flow rate, resulted in a maximum efficiency for removal of phosphate (42%), sulfate (52%), and color colloids (73%), x-ray diffraction, adsorption isotherms test, and recovery studies suggest that the removal process of anions occurs via ion exchange in conjunction with surface adsorption. Furthermore, reaction rate studies indicated that the removal of these pollutants by feldspar follows first-order kinetics. Percent removal efficiencies, even under optimized conditions, will be expected to be somewhat less for industrial effluents in actual operations due to the effects of interfering substances [58]. 

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