Flow mode catalysis

For examples of organocatalyzed reactions carried out under the continuous-flow mode see (a) Ishiara, K., Hasegawa, A. and Yamamoto, H. (2002) Synlett, 1296-8. (b) Briinjes, M., Sourkouni-Argirusi, G. and Kirschning, A. (2003) Advanced Synthesis Catalysis, 345, 635—42. 

One further degradation mode related to catalysis is a consequence of operating at low current densities typical of portable power application. Under these conditions, overoxidation of the Pt cathode catalyst occurs, reducing cathode and overall MEA performance. Zelenay has shown that starving the cathode of air flow lowers the cathode potential to low values, causing reduction of Pt oxides and restoring cathode activity. ... 

Catalytic Distillation Catalytic or reactive distillation is another example of the use of a hybrid reactor and combines catalysis and distillation in one column/reactor. Usually, we have a two-phase process with gas and liquid flowing in countercurrent mode. This requires special catalysts and packings, for example, monoliths, as in case of a fixed-bed flooding of the reactor would occur at high flow rates. In industry, catalytic distillation is already used for the production of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether), an important octane booster (Figure 4.10.77 DeGarmo, Parulekar, and Pinjala, 1992), cumene (DeGarmo, Parulekar, and Pinjala, 1992), and ethylbenzene (Podrebarac, Ng, and Rempel, 1997). 

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