Flora, pond

The leakage of concentrate and potential contamination of the surrounding environment and aquifers with salt and other chemicals is the largest threat posed to the environment by evaporation ponds. There is also potential for the high salinity water to impact local wildlife and for salt spray to harm surrounding flora (Mickley 2009 Schliephake et al. 2005). 

Freshwater and marine environments contain complex ecosystems such as ponds, rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Each of these ecosystems contains unique biota that may be represented by several thousand species. These biota, both flora and fauna, are often exposed to a variety of toxicants, including those that result from anthropogenic activities, and in some cases, toxicity and environmental damage can occur. The study of these adverse effects on freshwater and marine biota and on the ecosystems that contain them is called aquatic toxicology. 

Where oxygen is scarce in water, as in deposits of organic matter at the bottom of stagnant ponds, the fungus flora is different from that of similar substrates in well-aerated waters. Certain Hypkomycetes (Helicodendron, Clathrosphaerina) produce their conidia only when removed from the water and placed in humid air. They are also described as aero-aquatic fungi. 

Diquat and paraquat applied to aquatic systems were eflFective in controlling pond flora and did not directly aflFect pond fauna (45, 67). The absence of herbicidal activity to aquatic fauna was attributed to inactivation by adsorption on bottom muds and the subsequent lack of biological availability (45). The phytotoxic eflFects to pond flora probably occurred through absorption into the plant tissues of herbicides adsorbed on leaf surfaces. Other details concerning the behavior of diquat and... 

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