Flavonoids flavonols

Among the flavonoids, flavonols (Figure 11.3.8) are the most prevalent in the plant kingdom. Flavonols have a hydroxyl at the C3 position. They are usually found as glycosides, of which glycosylation occurs at the 3 position... 

Flavonoid (Flavonol) Quercetin Nonselective tyrosine kinase inhibitor... 

Flavonoids Flavonols Myricetin Quercetin Kaempferol Isorhamnetin Apples, apricots, grapes, plums, bilberries, cranberries, olive, elderberries, currants, cherries, blackberries, and blueberries [10]... 

Flavonoid Flavonol Quercetin (vegetable) Oxidative stress... 

Bioflavonoids, also known as vitamin P (the permeabihty vitamin) are a group of biologically active flavonoids (flavonol and... 

Kaempferol, 3,4, 5,7-tetrahydroxyfIavone is a flavonoid (flavonol) dye compoimd extracted fiom Reseda luteola L. and Sophora Japonica L. as well as being a minor component of Juglans nigra L. (Schweppe, 1992). 

Morin is 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-l-benzopyran-4-one (also, 2, 3,4, 5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) it is a flavonoid (flavonol) compound and is the principal component of so-called old fustic , a dye derived from Madura tinctoria (L.) Steudel (Moraceae formerly Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud.) (Schweppe, 1992 Merck Index, 1996). Use of old fustic in pigments has been mentioned by Harley (1982). Morin is hsted in the Colour Index as Cl 75660/Natural YeUow 8 and 11. 

Phenolic compounds present in natural products include simple phenols, phenolic acids, tocopherols, stilbenes, coumarins, flavonoids (flavonol, flavones, flavanols, antho-cyanidins, proanthocyanidins), tannins, lignans, and lignins (Naczk and Shahidi, 2006 Folmer et ah, 2014). Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites that are synthesized in response to stress conditions, such as UV irradiation, nutrient deficiencies, infection, and wounding (Naczk and Shahidi, 2006 Ramakrishna and Ravishankar, 2011). 

Table 2 Data from the Seven Countries Study Flavonoid (flavonol and flavone) intakes of middle-aged men in various countries in approximately 1960 and contribution of different foods to total flavonoid intake ...

A Novel Type of Flavonoids. Flavonol Esters from Fern Exudates. Z. Natur-... 

Eosin Flavonoids Morin Flavonol, fisetin, robinetin Quercetin Rutin condensation products of urea, formaldehyde and methanol [126], pesticide derivatives [127] sweetening agents [128, 129] anion-active and nonionogenic surface-active agents [130] steroids, pesticides [29,132, 133] pesticides [134—137] vanadium in various oxidation states [138] uracil derivatives [139]... 

Phlomis consists of about 100 species, a dozen of which occur in Mediterranean Europe (Mabberley, 1997, p. 549). The study of interest here involves a study of the flavonoids of R lychnitys L., a small plant native to Mediterranean Spain (Tomas et ah, 1986). Those workers identified the common flavones apigenin, luteolin, and luteolin 3 -methyl ether (chrysoeriol) 7-0-glucosides and their respective /7-coumaroyl derivatives. A brief review of the literature revealed that Mediterranean species of Phlomis are characterized by the presence of the flavone methyl ether, whereas continental species appear to lack 0-methylated flavones. Species from India have been reported to lack flavones but accumulate flavonols. The suggestion was made that accumulation of flavonols represents an ancestral feature of the genus. 

An examination of the flavonoids of Villarsia (Bohm et al., 1986) revealed a heterogeneous array of flavonol glycosides, based upon kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, with each species exhibiting a unique assortment. Surprisingly, there were greater similarities between the pigment profile of V capensis and species from eastern Australia, V exaltata (Soland. ex Sims) G. Don from Tasmania and V. reniformis R. Br. from New South Wales, than with species native to... 

Several investigations of flavonoids of Chrysosplenium have revealed a rich array of flavonols having both extra-oxygenation and a moderately high level of... 

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