Pigments flavonoid

Abrahamson, W. G. and Solbrig, O. T. 1970. Soil preferences and variation in flavonoid pigments in species of Aster. Rhodora 72 251-263. 

Chen, Angeli S-H. "Flavonoid Pigments in the Red Mangrove, Rhizophora Mangle L., of the Florida Everglades and in the Peat Derived from it, M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1971, 233 pp. 

Fig. 8.5 Top. Some flavonoid pigments in gardenia. Bottom. Six of the nine iridoid...

Harborne, J.B., Flavonoid pigments, in Herbivores Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites, Rosenthal, G.A. and Janzen, D.H., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1979, 619. 

Havaux, M. and Kloppstech, K., The protective functions of carotenoid and flavonoids pigments against excess visible radiation at chilling temperature investigated in Arabidopsis npq and tt mutants, Planta, 213, 953, 2001. 

Markham, K.R. and Ofman, D.J., Lisianthus flavonoid pigments and factors influencing their expression in flower colours, Phytochemistry, 34, 679, 1993. 

The authors agree with Dr. Given that initial physical structure and initial chemical composition both influence the course of coalification. The materials described should be studied further to clarify the significance of each and to evaluate the suggestion that the coalification processes have involved saturation of cell wall residues with foreign, flavonoid pigments. 

In either of the proposed pathways, salicylic acid is synthesised from tram-cinnamic acid. This is an intriguing observation and may provide a clue as to how and why the induction of SAR is tightly linked to the formation of a necrotic lesion. When plants react hypersensitively to pathogen attack, many biochemical changes occur, including the induction of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. In bean, as well as other plants, this induction seems to be at least partly caused by an increase in the synthesis of phenylalanine ammonium lyase and other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, flavonoid pigments and... 

Table 3.1 Known regulators of the different flavonoid pigment in various plants, classified according to the presence of distinctive domains (MYB, HLH, or WD40). Negative regulators are indicated by an asterisk. ...

Weiss, R. Molinelli, A. Jakusch, M. Mizaikoff, B. 2001. Molecular imprinting and solid phase extraction of flavonoid compounds. Bioseparation 10 379-387. Wender, S.H. Gage,T.B. 1949. Paper chromatography of flavonoid pigments. Science 109 287-289. 

Somers, T. C. (1966). Wine tannins - isolation of condensed flavonoid pigments by gel-filtration. Nature, 209, 368-370. 

Harborne, J.B. (1966) The evolution of flavonoid pigments in plants, in Comparative Phytochemistry (ed. T. Swain). Academic Press, London, pp. 271-95. 

Epidermal cells are on the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf. They have two features which prevent evaporative water loss they are packed densely together and they are covered by a cuticle, a waxy layer secreted by the cells. The epidennis usually consists of a single layer of cells, although the specialized leaves of some desert plants have epidermal layers which are several cells thick. Epidermal cells often have large vacuoles which contain flavonoid pigments. Elavonoids generally absorb ultraviolet radiation, and may act as a sort of natural sunscreen for the internal layers of the leaf, by filtering out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. 

Isoln of the main flavonoid pigment, gardenin A (originally thought to be the only component and referred to in early literature as gardenin") J. Stenhouse. C. G. Groves. J. 

A large group, consisting of flavonoids, pigments and stilbene derivatives through to the synthesis of naringenin. 

Phytochemistry The thin, green stems contain up to 2.2 % total alkaloids, flavonoids, pigments, and up to 8 % tannins. Of the total alkaloids, up to 75 % is pseudoephedrine, with the rest being ephedrine and others (Khalmatov et al. 1984 Kim et al. 2005). The main constituent (12.80 %) of the essential oil isolated from the dried stems was 1,4-cineole (Ji et al. 1997). 

Wilson, A., Flavonoid pigments in chalkhill blue (Lysandra cori-don Poda) and other lycaenid butterflies, J. Chem. Ecol., 13, 473-493 (1987). 

The brown color of a tea solution is due to flavonoid pigments and chlorophylls and to their respective oxidation products. Although chlorophylls are soluble in methylene chloride, most other substances in tea are not. Thus, the methylene chloride extraction of the basic tea solution removes nearly pure caffeine. The methylene chloride is easily removed by evaporation (bp 40°C) to leave the crude caffeine. The caffeine is then purified by sublimination at reduced pressure to prevent decomposition. 

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