Flattening method

A so-called flattening method can be used to straighten and flatten the colon mathematically. Beaulieu et al. (1999) evaluated a method called Panoramic endoscopy (Fig. 9.5). With this method the inner colonic surface is depicted as a flattened structure. The camera is rotated around the path in... 

Virtual dissection, as depicted in Fig. 9.6, is an image display method that is another improvement of the flattening method . Virtual dissection is a method that has recently become available and has, according to our knowledge, not been evaluated yet. It opens and straightens the entire lumen of the colon along the longitudinal axis with a 45° overlap... 

Many of the fiindamental physical and chemical processes at surfaces and interfaces occur on extremely fast time scales. For example, atomic and molecular motions take place on time scales as short as 100 fs, while surface electronic states may have lifetimes as short as 10 fs. With the dramatic recent advances in laser tecluiology, however, such time scales have become increasingly accessible. Surface nonlinear optics provides an attractive approach to capture such events directly in the time domain. Some examples of application of the method include probing the dynamics of melting on the time scale of phonon vibrations [82], photoisomerization of molecules [88], molecular dynamics of adsorbates [89, 90], interfacial solvent dynamics [91], transient band-flattening in semiconductors [92] and laser-induced desorption [93]. A review article discussing such time-resolved studies in metals can be found in... 

Typical separation efficiency curves of an air classifier versus particle size are given in Fig. 20-14. The amount of top size in the fines may be very low, but there is typically 10 to 30 percent fines in the coarse product that is, the low end of the cui ve tends to flatten out at 10 to 30 percent. In addition, the separation at the cut size is typically a gradu cui ve. Data of this sort, which are needed to evaluate closed-circuit mill performance, are seldom available. See subsection on characteristics of size classifiers for a testing method. 

The coatings produced by metal spraying have an unusual structure which is characteristic of the method of formation. They are composed of small particles usually not more than 0-01 mm in diameter which, having reached the surface in the molten condition, have splashed outwards and then solidified. Figure 12.27 (left) shows in section the irregular form of the flattened particles. In transverse section the surface profile is undulating (Fig. 12.27 (right)). 

In the previous section we described the Stokes method, which allows us to find the distance between the reference ellipsoid and the physical surface of the earth. The ellipsoid, given by its semi-major axis a, flattening a, and elements of orientation inside of the earth can be considered as the first approximation to a figure of the earth. In order to perform the transition to the real earth we have to know the distance along the normal from each point of the spheroid to the physical surface of the earth. Earlier we demonstrated that this problem includes two steps, namely,... 

If the platinum wire is to be used as an electrode it may be preferable not to flatten and shape it as in the Housekeeper method, but to use a mercury cup on the outside of the apparatus (Figure 42, III). The fine wire is fused into a constricted part of a narrow bore tube and the... 

Flattening the Energy Distribution Multicanonical Sampling and Related Methods... 

Owing to the fact that nearly all the heat generated by this type of electrolyser has to be dissipated via the anolyte flow, for the full industrial-scale demonstration electrolyser with an element size 2.5 m2 it was decided to use the bubble jet system [3], which was successfully tested previously with the chlor-alkali method. For FIC1 electrolysis, which from the material side is optimised to an approximate operation temperature of 60°C, an intense vertical temperature-profile flattening is essential to reduce the external flow rates and to allow rather low anode-side inlet temperatures. The intensive vertical mixing with the bubble jet proved to be suitable for this purpose. 

In another approach, Parnigotto and coworkers reconstructed corneal structures in vitro by using corneal stroma containing keratocytes to which corneal epithelial cells from bovine primary cultures were overlaid [73], However, this particular corneal model did not contain an endothelial layer. This model was histochemically characterized and the toxicity of different surfactants was tested using MTT methods. This stroma-epithelium model has been reported to show a cornea-like morphology, where a multilayered epithelial barrier composed of basal cells (of a cuboidal shape) and superficial cells (of a flattened shape) is noted. Furthermore, the formation of a basement membrane equivalent and expression of the 64-kDa keratin were reported, indicating the presence of differentiated epithelial cells. The toxicity data for various surfactants obtained with this model correlate well with those seen by the Draize test [73], However, this corneal equivalent was not further validated or used as a model for permeation studies. 

This is a valid empirical criterion, since sensitivity and hence precision decreases as the curve flattens. However, linearity does not directly measure the performance parameter of interest precision. In practice an analyst would accept curves at high concentrations, providing the precision is still adequate and providing the method does not have accuracy problems at high concentrations e.g., because of light scattering in absorption methods. 

---