Fjords Framvaren fjord

Todd, J.F., Elsinger, R.J., and Moore, W.S. (1988) The distributions of uranium, radium, and thorium isotopes in two anoxic fjords Framvaren Fjord (Norway) and Saanich Inlet (British Columbia). Mar. Chem. 23, 393—415. 

Keith-Roach, M. J., and Roos, P. (2004). Redox-dependent behaviour of technetium-99 entering a permanently stratified anoxic fjord (Framvaren fjord, Norway). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 60, 151-161. 

Behnke A, Bunge J, Barger K, Breiner HW, Alla V, Stoeck T (2006) Microeukaryote community patterns along an O2/H2S gradient in a supersulfidic anoxic Fjord (Framvaren, Norway). Appl Environ Microbiol 72 3626-3636... 

Figure 7.8 Water column profiles of (a) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and (b) values (particulate uranium/dissolved uranium) across the redox transition in the stratified Framvaren fjord (Norway). (Modified from Swarzenski et al., 1999.)...

Figure 7.18a Dissolved and particulate 210Po profiles in a permanently anoxic fjord (Framvaren, Norway), illustrating that 210Po is largely controlled by the intense cychng of sulfur microorganisms at the O2/H2S interface. (Modified from Swarzenski et al.,...

McKee, B.A., and Skei, J. (1999) Framvaren Fjord as a natural laboratory for examining biogeochemical processes in anoxic environments. Mar. Chem. 67, 147-148. 

Jacobs L., Emerson S., and Skei J. (1985) Partitioning and transport of metals across the O2/H2S interface in a permanently anoxic basin Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 1433—1444. 

Vertical distributions of dissolved Ba and total (dissolved+particulate) Pu, Am and Th in Framvaren Fjord all show increased concentrations with depth (Falkner etal., 1993 Roos etal., 1993). Ba cycling was dominated by its uptake into particulate matter associated with productivity in surface waters, followed by its regeneration at depth or in the sediments. Microbiological activity near the redox interface likely promotes the breakdown of settling particulate matter and the release of barite just above the 02/H2S interface (Falkner etal., 1993). Complex formation with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is believed to be the main cause for the observed behavior of Pu, Am and Th (Roos etal., 1993). The distributions of these elements were not examined within the regions near the 02/H2S interface and the associated microbial layer. 

H2S interface (Swarzenski etal., 1999b). Such concentration maxima at the redox boundary is also observed for DOC, Sr and Ba. The authors hypothesize that the source of elevated U at the redox boundary must be due to microbial uptake and subsequent release processes. Uranium oxidation state determinations in waters from 1, 22 and 30 m depth reveal that reduced U(IV) is not present in significant abundance, and that the chemical and/or biological reduction of hexavalent uranium is largely inhibited. These results suggest that U, DOC, Sr, Ba, Fe(II), and Mn(II) are greatly modified by direct and indirect microbial transformation reactions which are most concentrated across the redox transition zone in Framvaren Fjord. 

Cutter, G.A. and Kluckhohn, R.S. (1999) The cycling of particulate carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and sulfur species (iron monosulfide, greigite, pyrite, and organic sulfur) in the water columns of Framvaren Fjord and the Black Sea. Marine Chemistry, 67, 149-160. 

Dyrssen, D.W. (1997) The source of silica and trace metals in particulate matter in Framvaren fjord. 

Mandernack, K.W. and Tebo, B.M. (1999) In situ sulfide removal and C02 fixation rates at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and the oxic/anoxic interface in Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Marine Chemistry, 66, 201-213. 

Shapiro, S.D., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W.M. and Stute, M. (1997) The use of H-3 and tritiogenic He-3 to determine CFC degradation and vertical mixing rates in Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Marine Chemistry, 59, 141—157. 

Skei, J.M. (1988b) Formation of ffamboidal iron sulfide in the water of a permanent anoxic fjord -Framvaren. South Norway. Marine Chemistry, 23, 345—353. 

Skei, J.M., Loring, D.H. and Rantala, R.T.T. (1996) Trace metals in suspended particulate matter and in sediment trap material from a permanently anoxic fjord — Framvaren, south Norway. Aquatic Geochemistry, 2, 131-147. 

Swarzenski, P.W., McKee, B.A., Skei, J.M. and Todd, J.F. (1999a) Uranium biogeochemistry across the redox transition zone of a permanently stratified fjord Framvaren, Norway. Marine Chemistry, 67, 181-198. 

Velinsky, D.J. and Fogel, M.L. (1999) Cycling of dissolved and particulate nitrogen and carbon in the Framvaren Fjord, Norway stable isotopic variations. Marine Chemistry, 67, 161—180. 

Wensheng, Y. and Millero, F.J. (1995) The chemistry of the anoxic waters in the Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Aquatic Geochemistry, 1, 53-88. 

Framvaren has a well documented history of environmental change from fjord to lake and then back to a fjord. Sediment cores from both oxic and anoxic past environments contain organic carbon contents of 6-18% and reveal complex distributions of lipid compounds, the dominant classes being n-alkanes, n-alcohols, sterols and long-chain alkenones (Ficken Farrimond, 1995). The alkenones, which are predominantly produced by marine prymnesiophyte algae, are most abundant in the fjord facies of both cores, but are also detectable in the lacustrine sediments, albeit in much lower concentrations. The dramatic increase in abundance of these compounds is interpreted to record the change in environment from lake to fjord. 

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