Fixed ratio reinforcement

Andrews. J.S., and Holtzman, S.G. The interaction of ti-amphetamine and naloxone differs for rats trained on separate fixed-interval or fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26 167-171, 1987. Angrist, B.M., and Gershon, S. Amphetamine abuse in New York City, 1966-1968. Semin Psychiatry 1 195-207, 1969. 

Monkey (Rhesus) 7-8 yr 1 x/d (C) 1.5 (altered performance on a fixed-interval-fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement at age 7-8 years) Rice 1992 PbAc... 

Xi Z.X., Gilbert J.G., Pak A.C., Ashby C.R., Jr., Heidbreder C.A., Gardner E.L. Selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonism by SB-277011 A attenuates cocaine reinforcement as assessed by progressive-ratio and variable-cost-variable-payoff fixed-ratio cocaine self-administration in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 3427, 2005. 

There are many variants in drug discrimination methodology whereby small procedural differences (fixed or variable interval instead of fixed or variable ratio reinforcement, probe trials with or without... 

In order to distinguish specific effects on reinforcement from nonspecific effects on performance various studies on the effect of DA receptor blockers and 6-OHDA lesions on opiate self-administration have looked for an increase in responding in fixed-ratio... 

Hughes, C. E., Pitts, R. C., 8c Branch, M. N. (1996). Cocaine and food deprivation Effects on food-reinforced fixed ratio performance in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 145-158. 

There are four simple schedules of reinforcement the fixed interval (FI) and the variable interval (VI), both of which are temporally based reinforcement schedules, and the fixed ratio (FR) and the variable ratio... 

Figure 9 Schematic cumulative records of performance on the fixed ratio (FR), variable ratio (VR), fixed interval (FI), and variable interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. Responses are cumulated vertically over time. Each downward deflection of the pen represents reinforcement delivery horizontal lines indicate pausing. (Reproduced from Seiden LS and Dykstra LA (1977) Psychopharmacology A Biochemical and Behavioral Approach. New York, NY Van Nostrand Reinhold.)...

Performance generated by intermittent schedules of reinforcement has played an important role in behavioral pharmacology and is proving a useful tool in behavioral toxicology. On an intermittent schedule, an animal is not reinforced for every response but for a number of responses according to certain rules . Most intermittent schedules are based on reinforcing the organism as a function of the number of responses emitted, some temporal requirement for emission of responses, or a combination of these. For example, a fixed ratio (FR)... 

Fixed ratio schedule delivers reinforcement after a fixed number of responses... 

Solinas M, Panlilio LV, Antoniou K, Pappas LA, Goldberg SR. The cannabinoid CB 1 antagonist N-piperidinyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR-141716A) differentially alters the reinforcing effects of heroin under continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio, and progressive ratio schedules of drug self-administration in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306, 93-102 (2003). 

The appetitive aspect of food intake is more specifically assessed by operant food-reinforced behavior. De Vry et al. (70) suggest that a short-duration reinforcement schedule (10 min, fixed ratio 1—operant food reinforcement) is especially sensitive to the appetitive process. 

Using a 30-min fixed ratio 15 (FR 15) reinforcement schedule, both the CBi receptor W1N55,212 and the CBi receptor antagonist SR141716 dose-dependently suppressed response rate (71) (see Note 11). 

Hu human efficacious dose (expressed as C ) FR fixed ratio of reinforcement... 

Domino [94], in 1986, reported on the enantioselective opioid hallucinogen interactions of A,V-dimethyltriptamine and lysergic acid N,N-diethylamide in rats. In an adult male, trained on a positive reinforced fixed ratio of four (FR4 a reward of 0.01 ml of sugar milk earned on every fourth bar press), V,A-dimethyltriptamine, in concentrations of 3.2... 

As well as fixed and variable ratios, there can also be fixed and variable times. The effects are similar - fixed time reinforcement is a relatively ineffective way of maintaining behaviour. It remains, of course, the most common way of paying salaries, which is why regular salaries are not an effective way of influencing behaviour.)... 

Figure 5 illustrates the criteria employed in the four simplest reinforcement schedules and the way in which these criteria influence responding. There are four basic criteria. When a "ratio" criterion is employed the animal is required to perform a specified number of responses (e.g., lever presses) before the food-consequence is produced. In the fixed-ratio (FR) cell the... 

---