Fischer, Emil chemistry

Fischer, Emil. (1852-1919). A German organic chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1902) for his original research in the chemistry of purines and sugars. He was professor of Chemistry at the University of Berlin (1882), succeeding Hofmann. He synthesized fructose and glucose and elucidated their stereochemical configurations he also established the nature of uric acid and its deriva-... 

The term substrate has another meaning in chemistry. Some chemical syntheses are carried out in mixed phases for example, the reactants exist in solution but the reaction itself occurs at the surface of a solid. The identity of the solid, specified in experimental protocols, influences the synthesis reactions, and the solid is referred to as the substrate, see also Fischer, Emil Hermann. 

Fischer, Emil Hermann (1852-1919), German chemist and witmer of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 for his work on the structure and synthesis of sugars and purines. Between 1899 and 1908, he made... 

Fischer, Emil, 1852-1919 (p. 24, Plate 1), son of a merchant was born in 1852 in Euskirchen (Rhineland) studied chemistry in Bonn (Kekule), StraBburg (A. Baeyer, physics A. Kundt) where he graduated Dr. phil. in 1874. Assistant with Baeyer, from 1874 in Munich. Professor in Erlangen (1882-1885), then in Wurzburg until his call to the famous Chemical Institute of the University of Berlin as successor to A.W.v. Hofmann, in 1892. Amino acid and peptide research from 1900, after extremely successful research in the field of carbohydrates and purines. Fisher died in the summer of 1919 in Berlin. He was the second winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1902, after van t Hoff in 1901. 

Fischer, Emil Hermann (1852-1919) German organic chemist. Fischer studied many compounds of biological interest. He is sometimes referred to as the father of biochemistry. In 1874 he discovered phenylhydrazine. He studied peptides, purines and sugars very thoroughly. His work on purines (a name he coined) led to the synthesis of many compounds such as caffeine and purine. In his early work he put forward incorrect structures but by 1897 he and his colleagues had established the correct structures. Fischer was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work on purines and sugars. 

Chemistry also contributed in a major way to the development of modern biological sciences through an ever more sophisticated understanding at the molecular level. Long are gone the days when Emil Fischer, who can be credited as having established biochemistry... 

Because carbohydrates usually have numerous chirality centers, it was recognized long ago that a quick method for representing carbohydrate stereochemistry is needed. In 1891, Emil Fischer suggested a method based on the projection of a tetrahedral carbon atom onto a flat surface. These Fischer projections were soon adopted and are now a standard means of representing stereochemistry at chirality centers, particularly in carbohydrate chemistry. 

For a thorough understanding of stereochemistry, it is useful to examine molecular models (like those depicted in Fig. 4.1). However, this is not feasible when writing on paper or a blackboard. In 1891, Emil Fischer greatly served the interests of chemistry by inventing the Fischer projection, a method of representing tetrahedral carbon atoms on paper. By this convention, the model is held so that the two bonds in front of the paper are horizontal and those behind the paper are vertical. 

In the autumn of 1907, he started to study chemistry at the Institute chaired by Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich, where he passed the first Verband s examination after three semesters. In 1909, he continued his studies at the University of Berlin, gaining his doctorate in 1911 under Emil Fischer. The subject of his doctoral dissertation was Syntheses of Certain New Glucosides. The tremendous personality of Emil Fischer left its mark on Helferich for the rest of his life. In conversation with Helferich, one was often aware of the great veneration he always felt for his tutor and mentor. 

The results of such a prodigious activity have been reported in more than 300 publications. Many honors were bestowed upon him, among them Emil Fischer Gedenkmunze, Honorary Member in the Verein Oster-reichischer Chemiker, Fellow of the Bayrische Akademie der Wissen-schaften, and Honorary Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. He was president or honorary president of four different sections at the International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry held in New York in 1951. 

Fischer s Convention. Initially, the absolute configurations of optical isomers were unknown to chemists working with optically active compounds. Emil Fischer, the father of carbohydrate chemistry, decided to relate the possible configurations of compounds to that of glyceraldehyde of which the absolute configuration was yet unknown but was defined arbitrarily. 

Presented at the symposium Emil Fischer 100 Years of Carbohydrate Chemistry, 203rd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry, San Francisco, California, April 5-10, 1992. 

Enzymic methods in preparative carbohydrate chemistry, 49, 175-237 Enzyme specificity, how Emil Fischer was led to the lock and key concept for, 50, 1-20... 

Hoesch, K. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1915, 48, 1122. Kurt Hoesch (1882-1932) was bom in Krezau, Germany. He studied at Berlin under Emil Fischer. During WWI, Hoesch was Professor of Chemistry at the University of Istanbul, Turkey. After the war he gave up his scientific activities to devote himself to the management of a family business. 

Knorr, L. Ber Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1883, 16, 2597. Ludwig Knorr (1859—1921) was bom near Munich, Germany. After studying under Volhard, Emil Fischer, and Bunsen, he was appointed professor of chemistry at Jena. Knorr made tremendous contributions in the synthesis of heterocycles in addition to discovering the important pyrazolone drug, pyrine. 

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