Fired heaters burners

Examples Boilers Flares Fired heaters Burners Examples Continuous or batch chemical reactions Catalytic cracking Coking... 

List four different types of fired heater burners. 

The radiant section tube coils of horizontal fired heaters are arranged horizontally so as to line the sidewalls and the roof of the combustion chamber. In addition, tliere is a convection section of tube coils, winch are positioned as a horizontal bank of tubes above the combustion cham her. Nonnally the tubes are fired vertically from the floor, but they can also be fired horizontally by side wall mounted burners located below the tube coil. Tins economical, high dficiency design currently represents the majority of new horizontal-tube-t1icd heater installations. Duties run from 5 to 250 MMBtu/hr. Six types o) horizontal-tube-fired heaters arc-shown in Figure 3-21. 

Fired heaters are extensively used in the oil and gas industry to process the raw materials into usable products in a variety of processes. Fuel gas is normally used to fire the units which heat process fluids. Control of the burner system is critical in order to avoid firebox explosions and uncontrolled heater fires due to malfunctions and deterioration of the heat transfer tubes. Microprocessor computers are used to manage and control the burner system. 

If you try to operate a furnace, fired heater, or boiler with too little combustion air to starve the burners of oxygen to smother or bog down the firebox, then you will likely cause afterburn or secondary combustion in the stack, you will not be able to operate on automatic temperature control, and may even destroy the equipment altogether. 

Figure 17.15. A fired heater as a high temperature reactor, (a) Arrangement of tubes and burners (1) radiant tubes (2) radiant panel burners (3) stack (4) convection chamber tubes (Sukhanov, Petroleum Processing, Mir, Moscow, 1982). (b) Radiant (surface-combustion) panel burner (1) housing (2) ceramic perforated prism (3) tube (4) injector (5) fuel gas nozzle (6) air throttle Sukhanov, Petroleum Processing, Mir, Moscow, 1982). (c) Fired tubular cracking furnace for the preparation of ethylene from naphtha.

Direct-fired furnace. Fired heaters are designed to increase the process temperature of oil and gas streams. This increase of temperature in most every case does not change molecular structure. Thus, temperatures up to 500°F maximum with 400°F design are very common. Designs are usually cylindrical, with vertical radiant tube banks fired by oil/gas combination burners. 

The MPG process preheats a gaseous feedstock with hot raw gas and an optional fired preheater. Preheat level and installation of the fired heater are determined by energy and cost optimization, which is based on the relative values of feed, fuel gas, and oxygen. Feed gas and oxygen enter the reactor with a minor amount of steam via the gas burner. Gasification occurs in a refractory-lined reactor at temperatures between 1200 and 1400°C.179... 

Standard burners typically result in NO , formation in the 0.12-0.14 Ib/MM Btu (100-120 ppmv) for fired heaters and the 0.2-0.3 range for boilers. Factors that influence this number are ... 

While this section discusses the ULNB used for fired heaters only, boiler burners are discussed in the subsequent section. These two types of fired units are discussed separately because of their different firing characteristics. 

API Publication 535. Burner for Fired Heaters in General Refinery Services. 1st ed. Washington, DC American Petroleum Institute, July 1995. 

Operators use furnace cameras to remotely view burners in the numerous fired heaters that are heating this oil to spot such performance defecfs as flame impingement, flames that are burning too low, clogged burners, irregular flame patterns, flashback, flames thaf are producing too much pollution, or oil spillage. 

Oxygen and natural gas, separately preheated in fuel-fired heaters, are/ thoroughly premixed prior to ignitiqn by a jet burner.. The burner gas is/ quenched by water spray to 90 C and further cooled by water washing in a column. Carbon soot is partly removed at each of these stages. Final j carbon removal is by filtration through a moving bed of wet coke. Burner gas composition is shown in Table 9-1. 

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