Finkelstein test

Finkelstein test is used to rule out de Quer-vain s disease. The patient closes his fingers around his thumb and then ulnar deviates his wrist. Pain along the lateral wrist is a positive test. 

Halide exchange, sometimes call the Finkelstein reaction, is an equilibrium process, but it is often possible to shift the equilibrium." The reaction is most often applied to the preparation of iodides and fluorides. Iodides can be prepared from chlorides or bromides by taking advantage of the fact that sodium iodide, but not the bromide or chloride, is soluble in acetone. When an alkyl chloride or bromide is treated with a solution of sodium iodide in acetone, the equilibrium is shifted by the precipitation of sodium chloride or bromide. Since the mechanism is Sn2, the reaction is much more successful for primary halides than for secondary or tertiary halides sodium iodide in acetone can be used as a test for primary bromides or chlorides. Tertiary chlorides can be converted to iodides by treatment with excess Nal in CS2, with ZnCl2 as catalyst. " Vinylic bromides give vinylic iodides with retention of configuration when treated with KI and a nickel bromide-zinc catalyst," or with KI and Cul in hot HMPA." ... 

Hay DJ, Finkelstein A, Klicius R. 1986. The national incinerator testing and evaluation program two-stage incinerator combustion tests. Chemosphere 15 9-12. 

The simple piperidine alkaloid coniine (for selected asymmetric syntheses of coniine see [22, 81-85]) offered a preliminary test case for hybrid radical-ionic annulation in alkaloid synthesis. From butyraldehyde hydrazone and 4-chloro-iodobutane (Scheme 4), manganese-mediated photolysis afforded the acyclic adduct in 66% yield (dr 95 5) the cyclization did not occur in situ [69, 70]. Nevertheless, Finkelstein conditions afforded the piperidine, and reductive removal of the auxiliary afforded coniine in 34% overall yield for four steps. This reaction sequence enables a direct comparison between radical- and carbanion-based syntheses using the same retrosynthetic disconnection an alternative carbanion approach required nine to ten steps [81, 85]. The potential for improved efficiency through novel radical addition strategies becomes quite evident in such comparisons where multifunctional precursors are employed. 

Finkelstein et al. (1963,1965) described tests using either a 5-6 or a 17-18 h exposure each day for 4 days. Test sites were evaluated 1 h after patch removal. Modifications of this procedure have also been used to evaluate shaving creams and toilet soaps by Smiles and Pollack (1977). 

Ingold s (1957) calculations are for differences in an intrinsic entropy and enthalpy difference between a series of alkyl halides and their transition states. Two important requirements of his calculations are that differences in activation energy and in entropy of activation, for any one set of Finkelstein reactions, be independent of solvent and of salt effects as the alkyl group is changed. These requirements are tested in Table 25 and in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, for one Finkelstein reaction, of alkyl bromides with chloride ion, and for a closely related reaction, that of azide ion with alkyl bromides. 

F3. Finkelstein, M., and Goldberg, S., A test for quantitative and qualitative estimation of pregnane-3a,17a,20a-diol-ll-one, in urine and its significance in adrenal disturbances. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 17, 1063-1070 (1957). 

Kerwar et al., 1966) and avian liver (Weissbach et aZ., 1963). Analogous activity is found in human liver, kidney (Mudd et al.y 1970a), and brain (Levy et al., 1970), as well as in almost all rat tissues which have been tested (Finkelstein, 1971). The enzyme has attracted intense interest not only because of its important physiological role, but because this apparently simple methyl transfer reaction has an unexpectedly complex reaction mechanism in which a B12 prosthetic group, catalytic amounts of S-adenosylmethionine, and a reducing system are all involved. 

Report of Activities of the Technical Division, p. 98. (2) Gaul and Finkelstein, Incendiaries, pp. 402-06. (3) Capt Roman L. Ortynsky, Tests of M69 Bombs at Huntsville Arsenal, February 4-9, 1943. TDMR 576, 17 Feb 43. 

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