Final Manifestations of Developmental Toxicity

The four general outcomes of abnormal development are death, malformation, growth retardation, and functional deficiency. As discussed earlier, the exact 

TABLE 34.2. General Mechanisms and Pathogenesis of Developmental Toxicants 

Mechanisms (Early Events that Initiate Altered Development) 

Genetic mutations and altered nucleic acid integrity Chromosomal breaks, nondisjuction, mitotic interference Diminished supplies of precursors and substrates Altered energy sources Altered osmobalance Enzyme inhibition 

Pathogenesis (Manifestations that Follow the Above Mechanisms) 

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