Filtration apparatus setup

The dead-end setup is by far the easiest apparatus both in construction and use. Reactor and separation unit can be combined and only one pump is needed to pump in the feed. A cross-flow setup, on the other hand, needs a separation unit next to the actual reactor and an additional pump to provide a rapid circulation across the membrane. The major disadvantage of the dead-end filtration is the possibility of concentration polarization, which is defined as an accumulation of retained material on the feed side of the membrane. This effect causes non-optimal membrane performance since losses through membrane defects, which are of course always present, will be amplified by a high surface concentration. In extreme cases concentration polarization can also lead to precipitation of material and membrane fouling. A membrane installed in a cross-flow setup, preferably applied with a turbulent flow, will suffer much less from this... 

This expression shows the relationship between filtration time and filtrate volume. The equation is applicable to both incompressible or compressible cakes, because at constant AP the values r0 and x0 are constant. For constant AP, an increase in the filtrate volume results in a reduction in the filtration rate. If we assume a definite filtering apparatus and setup a constant temperature and filtration pressure, then the values of Rf, r0, n and AP will be constant. We now take note of the well-known filtration constants K and C, which are derived from the above expressions ... 

Set up your filtering apparatus. If you are using a Buchner funnel for vacuum filtration or a glass funnel for gravity filtration, follow the setup procedure under Filtration-Technique Option. ... 

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