Film development fine-grain developers

The soaps of the ethanolamines are extensively used in textile treating agents, in shampoos, and emulsifiers. The fatty acid amides of diethanolamine are applied as builders in heavy-duty detergents, particularly those in which alkylaryl sulfonates are the surfactant ingredients. The use of triethanolamine in photographic developing baths promotes fine grain structure in the film when developed. 

Until the advent of 35 mm film, with the resulting emphasis on fine-grain developers, glycin was used mainly in paper developers. Now it is sometimes used in combination with other developing agents for fine-grain film development. 

The use of caustic alkali (e.g., sodium hydroxide) is not recommended with metol as there is a tendency to excessive fog. When used with sulfite alone, without additional alkali (Kodak D-23), metol provides a slow-working, fine-grain developer. This type of film developer often works well with a mild alkali, such as borax, which accelerates the rate of development without increasing the grain size appreciably (Kodak D-25). 

Microphen is a fine-grain PQ developer that produces a Vz stop increase in film speed without a corresponding increase in graininess. 

Another method developed by Kraus [189] uses a stream of fine-grained quartz sand falling freely on a 45° inclined film surface. The abrasion on the surface can be inspected by measuring the scattering of light. Finally, it should be mentioned that the abrasion resistance of thin films varies not only with the film material used but also with the preparation method applied and the prevailing conditions. 

Within each stratigraphic entity studied samples of fine-grained sandstones and those containing well-developed illitic clay films plot in the lower right of the respective diagram whereas those of coarser grain size and with few illitic films or none at all plot in the upper left. 

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