Fill time Fueling

The foaming of diesel fuel has drawn a certain attention in the last decade. Antifoams are usually one component of a package of diesel additive, which is used to adjust and improve the properties of the distillate from the refinery [44]. Antifoams prevent foam formation of the treated diesel fuel during pumping at refineries and service stations at treat rates between 5 and 15 ppm. They help to shorten substantially the filling time of fuel tanks and avoid splashing over. 

During the SHED test, a test object filled with fuel (e.g., a tank) and/or a hydrocarbon emitting component is stored in an air-tight closed, calibrated test chamber and subjected to at least a 24 hour temperature cycle. The hydrocarbon concentration is recorded continuously for the entire test time and used to detect the permeated and/or emitted quantity of hydrocarbons [162]. 

Current research on fuel cells is directed toward the replacement of the internal combustion engine. To do this, hydrogen must be stored in the vehicle and replenished from time to time at filling stations. Three kilograms of hydrogen should be enough to drive a small car 500 km (300 miles) between fill-ups. 

It is necessary to calibrate the 14C time scale for greater dating accuracy. However, the second-order variations are at least as important as the first-order constancy of atmospheric 14C. For example, they provide a record of prehistoric solar variations, changes in the Earth s dipole moment and an insight into the fate of C02 from fossil fuel combustion. Improved techniques are needed that will enable the precise measurement of small cellulose samples from single tree rings. The tandem accelerator mass spectrometer (TAMS) may fill this need. 

The larger, heavier fuel tank that is used has a limited range of about 100 miles. Refilling takes two to three times longer than refilling from a gasoline pump. Some slow fill stations can take several hours and the limited availability of filling stations can be a problem. 

A specimen of the sample is cooled under specified conditions and, at intervals of34°F (1°C), is drawn into a pipet under a controlled vacuum through a standardized wire mesh filter. The procedure is repeated, as the specimen continues to cool, for each 34°F (1°C) below the first test temperature. Testing is continued until the amount of wax crystals that have separated out of solution is sufficient to stop or slow down the flow so that the time taken to fill the pipet exceeds 60 seconds or the fuel fails to return completely to the test jar before the fuel has cooled by a further 34°F (1°C). The indicated temperature at which the last filtration was commenced is recorded as the CFPP. 

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