Fats, hydrolysis structure

Fats can be either optically active or optically inactive, depending on their structure. Draw the structure of an optically active fat that yields 2 equivalents of stearic acid and 1 equivalent of oleic acid on hydrolysis. Draw the structure of an optically inactive fat that yields the same products. 

In some milk fat globules, small aqueous compartments are located beneath the membrane bilayer, which have been termed cytoplasmic crescents (Huston and Patton, 1990). Whether or not this cytoplasmic inclusion provides some benefit is unknown. Yet, as this aqueous compartment is protected from the bulk serum phase by the MFGM, constituents located therein are presumably afforded some protection, at least initially, from gastric hydrolysis. Huston and Patton (1990) found crescents in all samples of milk they examined, and they were more prevalent in human (7.3% of globules), than in bovine (1% of globules) milk. Furthermore, there was considerable individual and diurnal variation. The structure of a cytoplasmic inclusion, surrounded by an intact plasma membrane on one side and a fat globule surface on the other, may allow certain labile constituents to be protected until they reach their proper site of bioactivity. At this point it is not known whether the crescents have a purpose or are simply the result of inefficiencies in the secretion process. As it is possible to isolate milk preparations enriched in cytoplasmic crescents, there is an opportunity to determine the nature of the materials found within. This unusual biocompartment may prove to be a model of food structure for biodelivery. 

Steroids are complicated polycyclic molecules found in all plants and animals. They are classified as simple lipids because they do not undergo hydrolysis like fats, oils, and waxes do. Steroids encompass a wide variety of compounds, including hormones, emulsifiers, and components of membranes. Steroids are compounds whose structures are... 

The (3-monoglycerides formed are resistant to further hydrolysis. This pattern is characteristic of pancreatic lipase and has been used to study the triglyceride structure of many fats and oils. 

Soap is prepared by the basic hydrolysis or saponification of a triacylglycerol. Heating an animal fat or vegetable oil with aqueous base hydrolyzes the three esters to form glycerol and sodium salts of three fatty acids. These carboxylate salts are soaps, which clean away dirt because of their two structurally different regions. The nonpolar tail dissolves grease and oil and... 

Figure 12.19 Simplified scheme of the pancreatic hydrolysis of structured lipids (top 1,3-diacylglycerols bottom human milk fat replacers).

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