Factors affecting the rate of reaction

Rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several factors. These factors are listed below. 

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McKinney, R.M., Spillane, J.T., and Pearce, G.W. (1964) Factors affecting the rate of reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate with serum proteins. J. Immunol. 93, 232-242. 

A number of factors affect the rates of reactions. In our experiments we will see how these affect the rates of reactions. 

Both the coenzyme-deficient apoenzymes and the holoenzymes may be present in serum. Therefore, addition of P-5 -P under conditions that allow recombination with the enzymes usually produces an increase in aminotransferase activity. In accordance with the principle that all factors affecting the rate of reaction must be optimized and controlled, IFCC recommends addition of P-5 -P in aminotransferase methods to ensure that all the enzymatic activity is measured. 

A A common misconception is that rate and k are the same. As equation (20.6) clearly shows, rate = fc in general. The rate constant, k, is one of the factors affecting the rate of reaction but not the only one. 

Decompositions may be exothermic or endothermic. Solids that decompose without melting upon heating are mostly such that can give rise to gaseous products. When a gas is made, the rate can be affected by the diffusional resistance of the product zone. Particle size is a factor. Aging of a solid can result in crystallization of the surface that has been found to affect the rate of reaction. Annealing reduces strains and slows any decomposition rates. The decompositions of some fine powders follow a first-order law. In other cases, the decomposed fraction x is in accordance with the Avrami-Erofeyev equation (cited by Galwey, Chemistry of Solids, Chapman Hall, 1967)... 

The rate (or kinetics) and form of a corrosion reaction will be affected by a variety of factors associated with the metal and the metal surface (which can range from a planar outer surface to the surface within pits or fine cracks), and the environment. Thus heterogeneities in a metal (see Section 1.3) may have a marked effect on the kinetics of a reaction without affecting the thermodynamics of the system there is no reason to believe that a perfect single crystal of pure zinc completely free from lattic defects (a hypothetical concept) would not corrode when immersed in hydrochloric acid, but it would probably corrode at a significantly slower rate than polycrystalline pure zinc, although there is no thermodynamic difference between these two forms of zinc. Furthermore, although heavy metal impurities in zinc will affect the rate of reaction they cannot alter the final position of equilibrium. 

What conditions might alter the equilibrium state Concentration and temperature These are factors that affect the rate of reaction. Equilibrium is attained when the rates of opposing reactions become equal. Any condition that changes the rate of one of the reactions involved in the equilibrium may affect the conditions at equilibrium. 

MULTIPLE FACTORS AFFECT THE RATES OF ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS... 

It should be emphasised that such steric inhibition is only an extreme case, and any factors which disturb or inhibit a particular orientation of the reactants with respect to each other, short of preventing their close approach, can also profoundly affect the rate of reactions a state of affairs that is often encountered in reactions in biological systems. 

Five factors affect the rates of chemical reaction ... 

Recognizing Cause and Effect Several factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction. This lab allows you to examine the effect of temperature on a common chemical reaction. 

A system which is very instructive in considering the factors that may affect the rate of reaction by adjacent attack is Craq+2 reacting with [(NHa) -... 

As we saw in Section 12.10, the activation energy Ea is one of the most important factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction. Its value can be determined using the Arrhenius equation if values of the rate constant are known at different temperatures. Taking the natural logarithm of both sides of the Arrhenius equation, we obtain the logarithmic form... 

ScholesG, Willson RL, Ebert M (1969) Pulse radiolysis of agueous solutions of deoxyribonudeotides and of DNA reaction with hydroxy-radicals. Chem Commun 17-18 Schuchmann MN, von Sonntag C (1982) Flydroxyl radical induced oxidation of diethyl ether in oxygenated aqueous solution. A product and pulse radiolysis study. J PhysChem 86 1995-2000 Shragge PC, Michaels FIB, Flunt JW (1971) Factors affecting the rate of hydrated electron attack on polynucleotides. Radiat Res 47 598-611... 

Most of the factors affecting the rate of corrosion can be understood from a graphical superposition of the current-potential curves for the metal-dissolution and electronation reactions. The principle of the graphical superposition method is straightforward. 

Let s now turn our attention to the transition state for this reaction. What is the structure of the transition state This is an important question because a better understanding of its structure will help in predicting how various factors affect its stability and therefore will aid in predicting how these same factors affect the rate of the reaction. The transition state has a structure that is intermediate between that of the reactant, tot-butyl chloride, and that of the product, the tot-butyl carbocation. It has the bond between the carbon and the chlorine partially broken and can be represented as shown in the following structures ... 

In general, the equilibrium lies more toward the addition product for an aldehyde than it does for a ketone in all of the reactions in this chapter. These factors affect the rate of the reaction in the same manner, so aldehydes also react more rapidly than ke-... 

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