Fabrication metals, manufacturing techniques

Manufacture of nanostructured or nanograined metals and alloys mainly relies on two categories of approaches, one for producing fine powders (i.e particulates) and the other for bulk materials. To date, numerous fabrication and synthesis methods of nanostructured metals in both particulate and bulk forms have been developed, but many of them are still distant from industrial-scale production. This section focuses on the fabrication and processing techniques that have high potential for industrial manufacture. 

A specialized type of Li-ion battery developed for semi-conductor and printed circuit board (PCB) applications are thin-film, solid-state devices. These batteries which employ ceramic negative, solid electrolyte and positive electrode materials, can sustain high temperatures (250°C), and can be fabricated by high volume manufacturing techniques on silicon wafers which are viable as on-chip or on-board power sources for microelectronics. Batteries of this type can be very small, 0.04 cm x 0.04 cm x 2.0 fjm. For microelectronics applications, all components must survive solder re-flow conditions, nominally 250°C in air or nitrogen for 10 minutes. Cells with liquid or polymer electrolytes cannot sustain these conditions because of the volatility or thermal stability of organic components. Further, cells that employ lithium metal also fail as solder re-flow conditions exceed the melting point of lithium (180.5°C). 

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