Extra push

The system is poised to maintain very high levels of ATP at all times. In most tissues, the rate of ATP utilization is nearly constant over time. However, in skeletal muscles, the rates of ATP hydrolysis change dramatically as the muscle goes from rest to rapid contraction. Even under these circumstances, ATP concentration decreases by only approximately 20% because it is so rapidly regenerated. In the heart, Ca activation of TCA cycle enzymes provides an extra push to NADH generation, so that neither ATP nor NADH levels fall as ATP demand is increased. The electron transport chain has a very high capacity and can respond very rapidly to any increase in ATP utilization. 

To explain the small cross sections for SHE synthesis and in particular the fast decrease of the cold fusion cross sections, the concept of extra push has been developed. In this model, the barrier for complete fusion is shifted dynamically above the Coulomb barrier until the experimental cross section is reproduced (Hessberger et al. 1985). The barrier shift is explained (in terms of a macroscopic approach) as a result of dynamical hindrance of the nuclei on their way to fusion (Swiatecki 1982 Armbruster 1989). However, for the transactinide elements known to exist only due to shell effects, the application of a macroscopic model to explain all structure effects related to their production is questionable if not wrong (Miinzenberg 1988). In contrast to the extra push concept, experiment shows that the maximum of the excitation function shifts toward a smaller excitation energy for heavier systems, with Cn being the coldest compound nucleus ever produced at an excitation energy of only 10 MeV (Hofmann et al. 1996). 

One type of dislocation is the edge dislocation, illustrated in Fig. VII-7. We imagine that the upper half of the crystal is pushed relative to the lower half, and the sequence shown is that of successive positions of the dislocation. An extra plane, marked as full circles, moves through the crystal until it emerges at the left. The process is much like moving a rug by pushing a crease in it. 

The extra term with Gaussian functions helps push the variable away from regions which have already been visited see Fig. 4.7. This enhances the efficiency of the... 

Ideally, SPOS can be driven to completion by using the optimal reaction conditions and the excess reagent In reality, some proprietary and expensive reagents cannot be used in large excess. For kinetics or thermodynamic reasons, not all reactions can easily go to completion. Therefore, extra efforts should be made to push a reaction closer to completion. 

Because of the diversity of polyhedral geometries found in porphyrin complexes with metal cations, additional ligands exhibit many different coordination modes. In Fe11, Co11, Mn11, Zn11, etc. complexes with one extra ligand, MP-L, the metal ion is pushed out of the N4 plane, and the MN4 coordination unit can be described as a pyramid with the M metal atom in the apical position. 

Of these, the first reaction is the one usually recorded, and in the majority of cases it is the one that occurs to the largest extent. The presence of alkali pushes the equilibrium well to the left, so that in alkaline solution the thiosulphate is stable. This explains the formation of thiosulphates on boiling alkaline sulphite solutions with sulphur. The laws of chemical equilibria, however, demand the presence of perfectly definite although perhaps very small quantities of sulphite and free sulphur in solution, and if alkaline thiosulphate solutions containing alkali sulphide are boiled in the absence of air, they become deep yellow, owing to polysulphide formation, the extra sulphur for which is obtained from the thiosulphate. Assuming the sodium derivatives to be used, the equation may be written... 

Let s say I allow air to expand, but I do not supply it with any extra heat from an outside source. The air is expanding because I am allowing it to push away a piston in a cylinder. What do you think happens to the temperature of this expanding air Isn t it true, that whenever a gas (like air and natural gas) expands, it gets colder ... 

The Condensation Reaction. In the condensation reaction the acetyl group is initially transferred from ACP on to a SH group of 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase. This acetyl moiety then reacts with malonyl-ACP (step 3 in fig. 18.12 ) so that the acetyl component becomes the methyl terminal two carbon unit of the acetoacetyl-ACP. The release of C02 in this condensation reaction provides the extra thermodynamic push to make the reaction highly favorable. 

Why not just take a lot of stimulants and increase your brain s processing speed to the point where you appear to be a genius, even if you re not The answer is that your brain is probably already functioning almost as fast as is safe. Most of us can push the processing speed a little without risk. Unfortunately, the neural processing speed in our brains is already just a few extra action potentials per second away from a full-blown seizure. 

If you can t think well in the early morning, you can schedule your GRE study time another time of day or night, fust be sure you don t push yourself to stay up extra late to study. Study time is only productive if you are focused. You are not focused when you are tired or sleepy. 

Use intermediate condensers and reboilers (if possible). This pushes the operating lines closer to the equilibrium line (Figure 10.17), thus reducing inherent column inefficiencies. The use of waste heat may also be possible now without upgrading to the reboiler temperature. A potential disadvantage may be that extra trays are needed. 

Figure 1. Two-dimensional schematic of the motion of a dislocation through a crystalline array of atoms which causes a change in the shape of the crystal and contributes to change in the macroscopic shape of a metal item. The dislocation, visible at the left center of (a), is centered at the trapezoid connecting five atoms and is due to an extra vertical line of atoms in the upper half of the crystal. A shearing force which pushes the top half of the crystal to the right relative to the bottom half causes the dislocation to move from its position in (a) across the crystal, as shown in (b) and (c). This leads to the change in shape apparent by comparing (a) and (c).

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