Extra-heavy crude oil

Heavy cmde oil will not be explicitly addressed, as there are often no clear boundaries with conventional oil and extra-heavy crude oil within a heavy oil reservoir. To avoid double counting, reserves of heavy oil will not be considered either, as they are already partially or completely included in conventional or extra-heavy oil reserves (BGR, 2003). 

In order to satisfy the changing pattern of product demand, significant investments in refining conversion processes will be necessary to profitably utilize the heavy oils and residua. The most efficient and economical solution to this problem will depend to a large extent on individual refinery situations. However, the most promising technologies will likely focus on the conversion of vacuum residua and extra-heavy crude oils into useful low-boiling and middle distillate products. 

Light crude oil Heavy crude oil Extra heavy crude oil Bitumen (tar)... 

Crude Oil A naturally occurring hydrocarbon produced from an underground reservoir. See also Asphalt, Bitumen, Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, Light Crude Oil, Oil. 

Extra-Heavy Crude Oil A naturally occurring hydrocarbon having a viscosity less than 10,000 mPa s at ambient deposit temperature and a density greater than 1000 kg/m at 15.6 C. 

The INT-R1 catalyst has been tested with extremely difficult feedstocks regarding their metal, Conradson Carbon and asphaltene content. Pentane and hexane deasphalted oils from extra heavy crude oils, and atmospheric residue of these crudes were among the feedstocks tested [6,7]. 

H Rivas, ML Chirinos, L Paz, I La3risse, EL Murray, A StockweU. Heavy and extra heavy crude oil in water emulsions for transportation their formulation and characterization. Third UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Cmde and Tar Sands. Long Beach, CA, 1985, p 1483. 

MI BricennAo, ML Chirinos, I Layrisse, G Martinez, G NunnAez, A Padron, L Quintero, H Rivas. Emulsion technology for the production and handling of extra heavy crude oils and bitumens. Rev Tec INTEVEP 10 5—14, 1990. 

Layrisse, H Rivas, S Acevedo. Isolation and characterization of natural surfactants present in extra heavy crude oils. J Dispers Sci Technol 5 1, 1984. 

Extra-heavy crude oil may also include atmospheric residua (bp >340°C [>650°F])... 

Catalytic HDT is a fundamental refining process for the upgrading of a wide variety of streams, ranging from straight-run naphtha to vacuum residue (VR) or even heavy and extra-heavy crude oils. The HDT process is commonly employed for... 

Natural Surfactants from Venezuelan Extra Heavy Crude Oil - Study of Interfacial and Structural Properties... 

Acevedo, S., Escobar, G., Gutierrez, L. Rivas, H. (1992). Isolation and characterization of natural surfactants from extra heavy crude oils, asphaltenes and maltenes. Interpretation of their interfadal tension-pH behaviour in terms of ion p>air formation. Fuel Vol.71 619-623. 

Rheological Studies of Extra- Heavy Crude Oils and Asphaltenes - Role of the Dispersion Effect of Resins in the Adsorption of Asphaltenes at the Interface of Water-In-Crude Oil-Emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 71, 65-71. 

Extra-heavy crude oil. It is characterized for having an API gravity of less than 10°. 

Extra-heavy crude oil (<10° API) logic logioOl + 1) = 1-90296 -0.012619AP7 - 0.61748 logio(I)... 

In general, heavy and extra-heavy crude oils are characterized by the following ... 

The study was focused on three different heavy feedstocks HCO, atmospheric residue from heavy crude oil (ARHCO), and extra-heavy crude oil (EHCO). Their main physical and chemical properties are reported in Table 8.2. The ARHCO was obtained from HCO by fractionation in a 40 L glass column. It can be noticed that all feedstocks are characterized by having high concentration of metals (350-535 wppm Ni + V) and asphaltenes (10-19 wt%), which make them good candidates for studying deactivation by metal deposits. 

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