Extinction efficiency systems

For monodisperse systems in the large particle size regime, where the extinction efficiency can be assumed constant and approximately equal to 2, equation 2 becomes... 

The water—carbon slurry formed in the quench vessel is separated from the gas stream and flows to the carbon recovery system needed for environmental reasons and for better thermal efficiency. The recovered carbon is recycled to the reactor dispersed in the feedstock. If the fresh feed does not have too high an ash content, 100% of the carbon formed can be recycled to extinction. 

Process condensate from reforming operations is commonly treated by steam stripping. The stripper is operated at a sufficiently high pressure to allow the overhead stripping steam to be used as part of the reformer steam requirement (71). Contaminants removed from the process condensate are reformed to extinction, so disposal to the environment is thereby avoided. This system not only reduces atmospheric emissions, but contributes to the overall efficiency of the process by recovering condensate suitable for boiler feedwater make-up because the process is a net water consumer. 

In this section we apply the adaptive boundary value solution procedure and the pseudo-arclength continuation method to a set of strained premixed hydrogen-air flames. Our goal is to predict accurately and efficiently the extinction behavior of these flames as a function of the strain rate and the equivalence ratio. Detailed transport and complex chemical kinetics are included in all of the calculations. The reaction mechanism for the hydrogen-air system is listed in Table... 

The amount of fluorescence emitted by a fluorophore is determined by the efficiencies of absorption and emission of photons, processes that are described by the extinction coefficient and the quantum yield. The extinction coefficient (e/M-1 cm-1) is a measure of the probability for a fluorophore to absorb light. It is unique for every molecule under certain environmental conditions, and depends, among other factors, on the molecule cross section. In general, the bigger the 7c-system of the fluorophore, the greater is the probability that the photon hitting the fluorophore is absorbed. Common extinction coefficient values of fluorophores range from 25,000 to 200,000 M 1 cm-1 [4],... 

Ultraviolet spectra of aromatic systems are often used to probe strain-induced perturbations in the K-system. Out-of-plane deformations of the benzene ring shift the 260 nm band to the red and increase its intensity. Classical examples are [2.2]paracyclophane (286 nm) and Pascal s twisted benzenes. The for a given transition reveals changes in the energy of the filled/unfilled gap, whereas the extinction coefficient reveals the efficiency of the transition. 

They found that Forster s theory of resonance energy transfer was applicable to such systems if the Interchromophoric distance and orientation, the fluorescence efficiency of the donor, the extinction of the acceptor, and the overlap between the emission of the donor and the absorption of the acceptor are of magnitudes which produce a transfer rate constant of less than 10 s and a transfer efficiency which is not too close to 0 or 1. 

---