External knowledge

The learner was expected to receive external knowledge and information from the all-knowing teachers and trainers, supplemented by literature. 

Thus, beyond the "internal" information given by the data values of the Pi s, at least m additional information in form of weights is needed. This additional information, which is classically the result of political, ethical, sociological preferences we call "external" knowledge. Thus EXTUtiiity = m. This is important information since the participation principle seams to play a more and more important role in modem environmental policymaking. 

Table 7.4. Different levels of studying residuals. The right-most techniques in the table are more demanding because external knowledge of the residual distributions is required...

The most demanding part of Table 7.4 is the a priori part, where a priori distributional knowledge is required (e.g. external knowledge of noise variance). This knowledge often comes from previous experiments and not from the data themselves. In multi-way analysis, levels 2 and 3 have not been studied extensively. 

Measures of cluster structure. To test the simple multiscale approach to cluster analysis, the independent taxonomic information available for the different objects were used either directly or indirectly in the analyses. This is similar to the situation where a taxonomic expert is faced with a data set without the true classification information. In the process of determining interesting clusters the expert is expected to make use of his external knowledge in the assessment of the observed patterns. Thus, here the external class information is used to define a cluster. Having identified taxonomically relevant clusters, the next step is to measure how they relate to each other. The three properties measured for the two data set analysed were ... 

Many of the embedded lead users dispositions and behaviors were shown to be based on their ability to empathize with external users. I have mainly focused on the market directed dispositions, i.e. how embedded lead users desorb their internal information and need knowledge to inAuence other users (especially in the case of opinion leadership]. Yet It seems likely that embedded lead users also use their cognitive empathy to bridge the boundaries of the Arm and absorb external knowledge which is relevant for innovation. Even if the qualitative Andings from this dissertation suggest this conjecture, the empirical evidence Is still missing. 

Optimal use of available internal external knowledge sources... 

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