Extended Readings

Chapters 3 and 4 presented two Bayesian methods to handle output-only measurements if the excitation can be modeled by stochastic process with a prescribed parametric model. 

Bayesian Methods for Structural Dynamics and Civil Engineering 

Other Bayesian methods were developed by the author and his co-workers in recent years for different applications. In this section, several selected methods are briefly introduced. Note that the symbols are modified here to be consistent with this book so some of them are slightly different from the original articles. 

The Bayesian fast Fourier transform approach uses the statistical properties of discrete Fourier transforms, instead of the spectral density estimators, to construct the likelihood function and the updated PDF of the model parameters [292]. It does not rely on the approximation of the Wishart distributed spectrum. Expressions of the covariance matrix of the real and imaginary parts of the discrete Fourier transform were given. The only approximation was made on the independency of the discrete Fourier transforms at different frequencies. Therefore, the Bayesian fast Fourier transform approach is more accurate than the spectral density approach in the sense that one of the two approximations in the latter is released. However, since the fast Fourier transform approach considers the real and imaginary parts of the discrete Fourier transform, the corresponding covariance matrices are 2No x 2Nq, instead of No x No in the spectral density approach. Therefore, the spectral density approach is computationally more efficient than the fast Fourier transform approach. 

Instead of output-only response measurements, measured input-output data was considered in Yuen and Katafygiotis [291]. Unlike other existing methods, it considers explicitly the measurement noise in both the input and output data. Let N denote the total number of observed time steps. Using the Bayes theorem, the updated PDF of the parameters 9 given the measured input Gi, G2. Ga of the excitation F and the measured response yi, y2, ,yN is given by  

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Based on structural similarities between different substances, the toxic potential for a specific endpoint of one substance or a group of substances can be extended (read-across) to a substance, for which there are no or limited data on this endpoint. 

Based on mechanistic similarities between different substances, a mechanism of toxicity or mode of action identified for a substance and/or group of substances and causally related to adverse effects in a target organ can be extended (read-across) to a substance for which a similar mechanism or mode of action has been identified, but where no or limited data on a specific endpoint are available. In such cases, the substance under evaluation may reasonably be expected to exhibit the same pattern of toxicity in the target organ(s) and tissue(s). 

This chapter provides our current understanding of transporter types, methods involved in the assessment of their function, and examples of transporter substrates and inhibitors causing changes in pharmacokinetics and/ or pharmacodynamics of various drugs in animal models and/or humans. This should not be considered as an exclusive review but rather an updated understanding. References are provided for some of the past reviews in this area for extended reading. 

The metal-carbenoid intermediate has been widely applied in organic synthesis for cycloaddition, cyclopropanation, and selective C-H bond insertion [245, 246]. The traditional methods to prepare metal carbenoids are from diazo compounds, and the recent reports have shown the feasibility to generate metal carbenes or carbenoids in situ from some precursors, such as alkynes [247] and cyclopropenes [248]. With great efforts, the metal-carbenoid chemistry was esteemed as one efiftcient redox-neutral C(sp )-H bond functionalization protocol (Scheme 2.42). Herein, we list several key reviews in this topic to readers for extending reading [249-254]. 

Hill and Holman (2011) Chemistry in Context, Sixth edition, Nelson Thornes A classic text that offers more contextual background and some extended reading. 

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