Extended formula

The three alkaloids concerned, morphine, codeine and thebaine, all behave as tertiary bases. Morphine contains two hydroxyl groups of which one is phenolic and the other a secondary alcohol group. On methylation of the phenolic hydroxyl codeine results. On oxidation, codeine is transformed into codeinone by conversion of the secondary alcohol group into a carbonyl group, and when thebaine is boiled with A-sulphuric acid for a few minutes, it is hydrolysed into codeinone and methyl sulphate, and in other ways thebaine has been shown to contain two methoxyl groups. That the relationship between the three alkaloids is close may be illustrated by the following slightly extended formula —... 

According to Suginome the latter, which he calls nitronitrosoaconitinic acid, is represented by the extended formula... 

Suzuki has explained that the plant from which he isolated stemonine and stemonidine is not, as at first supposed, Stemona japonica Miq. After further investigation it has been named Stemona ovata Nakai and from it he has isolated a third alkaloid, iso stemonidine, m.p. 137°, [a]D — 84-9°, to which the following extended formula has been assigned, Ci 28(NH)(0H),(0—CO)(CO). 

Case 6 Extended formula [79] accounting for spin-orbit interaction of ground and excited 3Eg(H) terms... 

Mesaconitine Isomer. An alkaloid of A. sachilinense had the extended formula Ci9Hi9(0Me)4(0H)3(0C0Me)(0C0C6H40Me(p)(NMe) and hence was isomeric with mesaconitine. It gave the characteristic pyro reaction, so belonged in the aconitine family. On hydrolysis it gave an isomer of mesaconitine. 

It k worth remarking that the error of the extended formula is 0 h ) since it is equal to the sum of local errors 0(h ) each) within the single intervals. 

Hansen, J.B. 1970. A revised and extended formula for bearing capacity. Danish Geotechnical Institute Bulletin, Copenhagen, Denmark, 28, pp. 5-11. 

Source Data from Meyerhof, G. G., Canadian Geotechnical Journal, I, No. 1, pp.16-26,1963 Hansen, B. J., A Revised and Extended Formula for Bearing Capacity, Bulletin No. 28, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, pp. 5 11,1970 Vesic, A. S., Foundation Engineering Handbook, Edited by Winterkom, H. F. and Fang, H. Y., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975 and Chen, W. F., Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1975. 

Brinch Hansen, J., 1970. A Revised and Extended Formula for Bearing Capacity. Danish Geotechnical Institute Bulletin No. 28, Copenhagen, Denmark. 

At finite concentrations this formula needs modifying in two ways. In the first place, diffusion is governed by the osmotic pressure, or chemical potential, gradient (not, strictly, by the concentration gradient), so that the mean activity coefficient of the electrolyte must be taken into account. In the second place, ionic atmosphere effects must be allowed for. In diffusion, unlike conductance, the two ions are moving in the same direction, and the motion causes no disturbance of the symmetries of the ionic atmospheres there is therefore no relaxation effect. There is a small electrophoretic effect, however, the magnitude of which for dilute solutions has been worked out by Onsager, and the most accurate measurements support the extended formula based on these corrections. 

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