Explosion products dispersion

At the moment of explosion the chemical energy is transformed into thermal and elastic energy, then the thermal and elastic energy are transformed into the kinetic energy of dispersion of the explosion products (EP). Only in the next stage do the EP slow down, giving up their energy to the gas. 

Anihte production ceased after 1924 because it was felt that the greater explosive power dispersed the toxic phosgene too much to create a sufficient concentration to be lethal. Also, it was too shock sensitive to be a safe military explosive. Reducing the shock sensitivity correspondingly reduced the power to more nearly equal TNT, thus eliminating any advantage. 

The derivatives are hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl cellulose. AH four derivatives find numerous appHcations and there are other reactants that can be added to ceUulose, including the mixed addition of reactants lea ding to adducts of commercial significance. In the commercial production of mixed ethers there are economic factors to consider that include the efficiency of adduct additions (ca 40%), waste product disposal, and the method of product recovery and drying on a commercial scale. The products produced by equation 2 require heat and produce NaCl, a corrosive by-product, with each mole of adduct added. These products are produced by a paste process and require corrosion-resistant production units. The oxirane additions (eq. 3) are exothermic, and with the explosive nature of the oxiranes, require a dispersion diluent in their synthesis (see Cellulose ethers). 

OSHA and ACGIH have not estabhshed specific airborne exposure limits for PVB and PVF resias however, some products may contain sufficient fines to be considered nuisance dust and present dust explosion potential if sufficient quantities are dispersed ia air. Unformulated PVB and PVF resias have flash poiats above 370°C. The lower explosive limit (lei) for PVB dust ia air is about 20 g/m. ... 

Dust explosions demonstrate unique behavior. These explosions occur if finely divided particles of solid material are dispersed in air and ignited. The dust particles can be either an unwanted by-product or the product itself. 

Nuclear fuel and associated waste products also include plutonium and enriched uranium (<20% U-235) and associated waste or fission products that emit intense radiation and can pose significant threats if dispersed with conventional explosives (i.e., by a dirty bomb). Industrial sources include a range of devices used in geological investigation and radiography, and may also pose significant hazards if dispersed by a dirty bomb. Examples of radioactive materials that could be used in a dirty bomb include ... 

Nitroethanol prepared by the formaldehyde-nitromethane method should not be distilled without use of diphenyl ether as a heat-dispersing agent. The residue, consisting of di- and tricondensation products of formaldehyde with nitromethane, when hot and concentrated, and particularly when the vacuum is broken and air is let in on the hot distillation residue, is very likely to undergo a flash detonation, or at least a fume-off which may proceed with explosive violence. Use of diphenyl ether is a wise safety precaution in the distillation of 2-nitroethanol made by other methods as well. 

Many nitrated products are explosives, including DNT, TNT, and nitroglycerine (NG). To minimize the potential for ran away reactions and explosions, the compositions of the feed acids and reaction conditions arc currently better controlled diati formerly. In some processes, 99% or more of the feed UNO reacts. Dispersions (or mixtures) of such a waste acid and the nitration product are relatively safe to handle. Also, centrifugal separators are used in many modem processes to rapidly separate the hydrocarbon and used acid phases. Rapid separation greatly reduces the amounts of nitrated materials in the plant at any given time and reduces undesired reactions of the nitrated products. 

The products from these reactions are distributed into the galaxies by slow emission from the red giants and by the catastrophic explosions of novas and supernovas. This dispersed material condenses in the population II and later the population I stars... 

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