Experimental test of thermodynamic theory

Considerable amount of work has been done on both charged and uncharged membranes [46-53]. We shall discuss some of the recent data in the context of the conclusion of the thermodynamic theory developed in an earlier section. It may be noted that Eqs. (4.14) and (4.15) are used as axioms in the development of the phenomenological theory. The only justification for these is that these are consistent with the theory developed in the subsequent section. A direct test of the validity of the linear phenomenological equation has been performed recently. For pyrex sinter with water as permeant, (7)totd. (J) 4,=o have been measured individually. It is found 

Lji L22 Li2 L21 and the inequality is proved. The current required for a flow of 1 cm s of acetone would be of the order of 25.6mA, since I = The entropy 

The efficiency of energy conversion may also be estimated in view of the interest in the engineering applications of electro-kinetic phenomena during recent years [58-61]. One may define the efficiencies of energy conversion and E, which are related to coupling in electro-osmosis and streaming potential, as follows  

Calculations show that E 10 while E I for pyrex-acetone sinter. In view of the extremely low efficiency, these cannot be utilized for energy conversion. 

In the linear region where the fluxes are linearly related to forces, a has a minimum value in the stationary state. However, according to Prigogine and Glansdorff, -(d(7)j = the equality holding for the stationary state [62], The X, term is the time derivative of force X,. In the case of electro-osmosis 

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