Existence regime

These defects form by the selective addition or loss of one (or more) of the constituents of the crystal and consequently lead to a change in crystal chemistry and the notion of nonstoichiometry discussed below. The basic notion that the composition of compounds is a constant with simple ratios between the numbers of constituent atoms is one that is reiterated in every first-year college chemistry course. For instance, in MgO the cation anion ratio is unity, that for AI2O3 is 2/3, etc. In reality, however, it can be rigorously shown using thermodynamic arguments that the composition of every compound must vary within its existence regime. ... 

The existence regime of a compound defines the range of chemical potential of the constituents of that compound over which it is thermodynamically stable. For example, it was shown in Worked Example 5.5 that MgO was stable between the oxygen partial pressures of 1 atm and 3.2 x 10 "atm — below 3.2 x 10 MgO decomposed to Mg metal and oxygen. 

Against the background of the factors and issues discussed in the preceding paragraphs, this section will consider the evolution of data protection law in the UK and in the European context and then will move on to a discussion of specific problems in applying the existing regime to the Internet and World-Wide Web. 

It was found that the magnitude of Ay increases with copolymer molecular weight, as long as the copolymer chains at the interface are at equilibrium with only homogeneously mixed chains and micelles do not exist (regime 1). At higher molecidar weights, when micelles are also present. Ay decreases with further... 

Assuming a normal pressure regime, at a given depth below ground level, a certain pressure must exist which just balances the overburden pressure (OBP) due to the... 

In order to contain normal or abnormal pressures, a pressure seal must be present. In hydrocarbon reservoirs, there is by definition a seal at the crest of the accumulation, and the potential for abnormal pressure regimes therefore exists. 

The fiscal regime (or tax system) in some countries allows the cost of exploration and appraisal (E A) activity to be offset against existing income as a fiscal allowance before the taxable income is calculated. For a taxpaying company, the real cost of appraisal is therefore reduced, and this should be recognised in performing the cost-benefit calculations. 

These examples illustrate that SMD simulations operate in a different regime than existing micromanipulation experiments. Considerably larger forces (800 pN vs. 155 pN) are required to induce rupture, and the scaling behavior of the drift regime, characterized by (9), differs qualitatively fi om the activated regime as characterized by (7). Hence, SMD simulations of rupture processes can not be scaled towards the experimental force and time scales. 

The distinction between pairwise and bulk hydrophobic interactions is often made, although some authors doubt the existence of an intrinsic difference between the two ". Pairwise hydrophobic interactions denote the interactions behveen two isolated nonpolar solutes in aqueous solution. They occur in the regime where no aggregation takes place, hence below the critical aggregation concentration or solubility limit of the particular solute. If any breakdown of the hydrophobic hydration shell occurs, it will be only transient. 

Classical bubbles do not exist in the vigorously bubbling, or turbulent fluidization regimes. Rather, bubbles coalesce constantly, and the bed can be treated as a pseudohomogenous reactor. Small bubble size improves heat transfer and conversion, as shown in Figure 5b. Increasing fines levels beyond 30—40% tends to lower heat transfer and conversion as the powder moves into Group C. 

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