Excretory urography

The efficacy and safety of iodixanol has been documented in children. Iodixanol was well tolerated without any important adverse events in 25 children under 4-years-old undergoing excretory urography (254). 

Nunez ME, Sinues B. Cytogenic effects of diatrizoate and ioxaglate on patients undergoing excretory urography. Invest Radiol 1990 25(6) 692-7. 

Excretory urography does not reveal changes in the pyelocahceal system, except in cases with secondary infection or urothehal tumors. 

Iiitravenoiis Pyelography, Intravenous Urography, Excretory Urography, and Computed Tomography... 

Many body and head CT studies (Figs. 13-14 and 13-IS) U.SC intravenous contrast material to improve the quality of the study. The type of contra.st material and their doses are similar to those in excretory urography except that higher volumes of conlrast and a more rapid injection system arc often used. The contrast material increases the relative conlrast between space-occupying lesions (tumors, cy.sts. and... 

Mixanol. lodixanol is a luw-osmolar nonionic dimeric contrast agent. It is designed for intravascular injection and i.s used for excretory urography, angiography, and CT. 

Urine iodine concentration, after the injection of nonionic metrizamide. is about twice as high as after sodium diatrizoate injection. Gol-man et al. (795) reported that during the periods of ureteric stasis, metrizamide was excreted faster than diatrizoate. Nonionic iopamidol reduces the incidence of adverse reactions in excretory urography and produces equal quality urograms with less iodine than diatrizoate (881). 

The functional activity of kidneys glued together was determined by excretory urography, radioisotopic renography, and magnetic resonance imaging function recovered 1—2 months postoperatively [462, 463]. 

Recently, several investigators have suggested that CT urography, with its ability to acquire thinly collimated data sets that can be used to create excellent quality 3D images of the urinary tract, can replace or even improve on excretory urography in identifying urothelial abnormalities and disorders (McTavish 2002 Kawashima et al. 2004 Caoili et al. 2005b Korobkin 2005). 

A patient with hematuria requires complete diagnostic workup of the kidney and the complete urinary tract to exclude calculi. The guidelines of the American Urological Association (AUA) suggest cytological analysis, analysis of the urine and cystoscopy as well as excretory urography (Grossfeld et al. 2001). 

Hematuria is the initial symptom for TCC located in the kidneys, the ureter, and the urinary bladder. A source of hematuria is located in 40% in the excretory urography and in over 90% in computerized tomographic urography (Albani et aL 2007). Cystoscopy and CTU show similar detection rates for urinary bladder cancer. 

Gray Sears CL, Ward JF, Sears ST, Puckett MR Kane CJ, Am-ling CL (2002) Prospective comparison of computerized tomography and excretory urography in the initial evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. J Urol 168 2457-2460... 

Kohri K, Miyoshi S, Nagahara A, Ohtani M. Bilateral parotid enlargement ("iodide mumps") following excretory urography. Radiology March 1977 122(3) 654. 

The cortex and medulla are relatively hypoechoic and are not dearly differentiated hy US, except in newhorns and infants (see Sect. 2.2.1.5). They are generally well differentiated by MRI and contrast-enhanced CT. They cannot be differentiated by excretory urography, although stasis of contrast material in the pyramids can be detected in some cases. 

Generally it is difficult to distinguish between crossed renal ectopy with fusion and crossed renal ectopy without fusion by US (Fig. 4.6a) or by excretory urography. In contrast, CT and MRI are able to establish the correct diagnosis. MRI in particular can also provide information about the vascular supply, which is quite variable. Multiple anomalous branches to both kidneys are possible, arising from... 

Palubinskas AJ (1963) Renal pyramidal structure opacification in excretory urography and its relation to medullary sponge kidney. Radiology 81 963-970 Patriquin HB, O Regan S (1985) Medullary sponge kidney in childhood. AJR 145 315-319... 

Kenda R, Kenig T, Silc M et al (1989) Renal US end excretory urography in infants and young children with UTI. Pediatr Radiol 19 299-301... 

The location and size of the renal calculi are initially determined by excretory urography, US, or CT. Prior to the procedure, an abdominal radiograph is obtained to confirm the presence of the stone. The most important factor for successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy is appropriate placement of the nephrostomy track. A posterolateral puncture of a middle calyx is preferred so that a direct route to the ureter is obtained and an effective tamponade achieved to limit bleeding. The target calyx depends on the location of the calculus. 

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