Evolution of cytochrome

Classification and Evolution of Cytochrome P450. The techniques of molecular... 

Comparative biochemistry. Some researchers believe that the proper role of comparative biochemistry is to put evolution on a molecular basis, and that detoxication enzymes, like other enzymes, are suitable subjects for study. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes were probably essential in the early stages of animal evolution because secondary plant products, even those of low toxicity, are frequently lipophilic and as a consequence would, in the absence of such enzymes, accumulate in lipid membranes and lipid depots. The evolution of cytochrome P450 isoforms, with more than 2000 isoform cDNA sequences known, is proving a useful tool for the study of biochemical evolution. 

Iffland A, Tafemeyer P, Saudan C, Johnsson K (2000) Directed molecular evolution of cytochrome c peroxidase. Biochemistry 39 10790-10798... 

Wong, T. S., Arnold, F. H., and Schwaneberg, U. 2004. Laboratory evolution of cytochrome P450BM-3 monooxygenase for organic cosolvents. Biotech. Bioeng., 85, 351-358. 

These screens have been used to direct the evolution of cytochrome P450 BM-3, a soluble enzyme from Bacillus megaterium that contains its reductase and hydroxylase domains on a single polypeptide chain. P450 BM-3 primarily catalyzes the hydroxylation of fatty acids ( 12 to 18 carbons long) at the a>-1, a>-2, and m-3 positions, but also... 

Castresana, J., Liibben, M., Saraste, M. and Higgins, D. G. Evolution of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme older than atmospheric oxygen. EMBO Journal 13 2516-2525 1994. 

Schmidt, T.R., Jaradat, S.A., Goodman, M., Lomax, M.I. and Grossman, L.I., Molecular evolution of cytochrome c oxidase rate variation among subunit Via isoforms. Mol Biol Evoll4(1997) 595-601. 

The evolution of cytochrome c and protein molecules in general has been the subject of many papers and reviews, and can be treated relatively briefly here. The starting points must be Anfinson s Molecular Basis of Evolution (57), based on the early amino acid sequence work, and the discovery that same year by Kendrew and Perutz of the identity of three-dimensional folding of the related proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin (98,99). These illustrate the two components of any study of mac-romolecular evolution the chemical sequence of the polymer and the folding of the polymer in three dimensions. 

Other important reviews dealing entirely or in part with the evolution of cytochrome c include Jukes in 1966 (100), Margoliash and Schejter in 1966 (S), Nolan and Margoliash in 1968 (101), the volumes of the Dayhoff Atlas (102), Fitch and Margoliash in 1970 (103), Jukes and Cantor in 1970 (104), Margoliash s Harvey Lecture in 1972 (105), Chap-... 

Sterol 14-demethylase P450 (CYP51) provides a breakthrough for the discussion on the evolution of cytochrome P450 gene superfamily. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. ITS, 799-804. 

Collier, T, K, AnulacLon. B. F., Stein, J, E., Gok-soyr. A., and Varanasi, U. (1995). A field evolution of cytochrome P4501A as a biomarkcr of contaminant exposure in three specie,s of flatfish. EVnmju. Toxicol. Chetn. 14. 143-152. 

Nelson DR, Strobel HW (1987) Evolution of cytochrome P-450 proteins. Molec Biol Evolut 4 572-593 Nicotra A (1982) A radiochemical evaluation of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity towards serotonin in sea urchin eggs and embryos. Int J Invert Reprod 5 283-288 Nicotra A, Naccarato MN (1982) Monoamine oxidase activity in Paracentrotus lividus sperm cells. Int J Invert Reprod 5 101-105... 

Yasutake Y, Fujii Y, Nishioka T, Cheon W-K, Arisawa A, Tamura T (2010) Structural evidence for enhancement of sequential vitamin D-3 hydroxylation activities by directed evolution of cytochrome P450 vitamin D-3 hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 285 31193-31201... 

A. Iffland, P. Tafelmeyer, C. Saudan, K. Johansson, Directed Molecular Evolution of Cytochrome c Peroxidase. Biochemistry, 39 (2000) 10790-10798. 

Navarro, J.A., Hervas, M., and De la Rosa, M.A, Co-evolution of cytochrome Cg and plastocyanin, mobile proteins transferring electrons from cytochrome hg-f to photosystem I,/. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 2, 11, 1997. 

---