Evaporator configurations

Table 22.1 presents the data for a process. An evaporation process is to be integrated with the process. The evaporator is required to evaporate 1.77 kg s-1 water. The latent heat of vaporization of the water can be assumed to be 2260 kJ-kg 1. For an assumed A Tmm = 10°C, suggest an outline evaporator configuration that will allow heat integration of the evaporator with the background process. 

When a process requires an evaporation step, the problem of evaporator design needs serious examination. Although the subject of evaporation and the equipment to carry out evaporation have been studied and analyzed for many years, each application has to receive individual attention. No evaporation configuration and its equipment can be picked from a stock list and be expected to produce trouble-free operation. 

With such data, an estimate can be made of a possible evaporator configuration for a required duty, that is, the diameter, length, and number of tubes can be specified. Then heat transfer correlations can be applied for this geometry and the surface recalculated. Comparison of the estimated and calculated surfaces will establish if another geometry must be estimated and checked. This procedure is described in Example 8.12. 

Extended x-ray absorption fine stmcture measurements (EXAFS) have been performed to iavestigate the short-range stmcture of TbFe films (46). It is observed that there is an excess number of Fe—Fe and Tb—Tb pairs ia the plane of the amorphous film and an excess number of Tb—Fe pairs perpendicular to film. The iacrease of K with the substrate temperature for samples prepared by evaporation is explained by a rearrangement of local absorbed atom configurations duting the growth of the film (surface-iaduced textuting) (47). 

During the formation of a spray, its properties vary with time and location. Depending on the atomizing system and operating conditions, variations can result from droplet dispersion, acceleration, deceleration, coUision, coalescence, secondary breakup, evaporation, entrainment, oxidation, and solidification. Therefore, it may be extremely difficult to identify the dominant physical processes that control the spray dynamics and configuration. 

The two liter carbon canister does not exhibit the HC release during the run loss portion of the test, nor does it release more than the allowable level of HC during the three day diumals. Thus, for the given vehicle configuration and the level of purge volume obtained by the vehicle, it is clear that a two liter carbon canister is required for this vehicle to pass the EPA certification requirement. This conclusion has an effect on the cost of the evaporative control system, in that the additional activated carbon volume and canister size will have an added cost, as will any additional hardware required to mount the larger canister on the vehicle. 

Cooling towers are broadly classified on the basis of the type of draft natural draft (natural convection), mechanical draft (forced convection) and mechanical and natural. Further distinction is made based on (1) the type of flow i.e. - crossflow, counterflow, cocurrent flow (2) the type of heat dissipation-wet (evaporative cooling), dry, wet-dry and (3) the type of application-industrial or power plant. Each of the major types of cooling towers has a distinct configuration. The major designs are summarized in Figures 1 through 8 and a brief description of each follows. 

This chapter provides details on a number of commonly used process units reactors, heat exchangers, columns of various types (distillation, absorption, adsorption, evaporation, extraction), dryers, and grinders. The purpose of each unit or operation and the many configurations in which the units can be found are also discussed. 

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