Gadolinium, europium and

The pH dependence of luminescence and relaxivity revealed that the complexes with europium, gadolinium and lanthanum might be used for MRI imaging. The concept was later verified by Frias et al. [8] by the use of structurally similar lanthanide complexes (Scheme 9). 

Comparative studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the binding of americium, curium, europium, gadolinium and ytterbium to transferrin however, in... 

The mass spectra of the lanthanide complexes of thenoyltrifluoroacetone, [R(CF3C0CHC0C4H3S)3], have been obtained for samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium (Das and Livingstone, 1975). The spectra are similar and fluorine migration to the metal ion with concomitant loss of CF2 occurs. The species RFJ was observed for samarium, gadolinium, and terbium and RF was observed for the easily reduced ions samarium and europium. No oxidation of terbium to terbium(IV) occurred. A mechanism for the fragmentation has been presented. 

These include the following 14 elements cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmi-um, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. 

After the discovery of plutoninm and before elements 95 and 96 were discovered, their existence and properties were predicted. Additionally, chemical and physical properties were predicted to be homologous (similar) to europium (gjEu) and gadolinium ( Gd), located in the rare-earth lanthanide series just above americium (gjAm) and curium ((,jCm) on the periodic table. Once discovered, it was determined that curium is a silvery-white, heavy metal that is chemically more reactive than americium with properties similar to uranium and plutonium. Its melting point is 1,345°C, its boihng point is 1,300°C, and its density is 13.51g/cm. ... 

By increasing the temperature of an ion exchange system, more rapid separation can be performed. In fact, temperature modifies the separation factor of two neighbor elements. For example, by increasing the temperature from 25°C to 95°C, the 1.5 samarium-europium separation factor becomes 1.8 and the europium-gadolinium 1.1 separation factor goes to 1.5. Thus the difficult Eu-Gd separation at 25°C becomes "easy" at 95°C. 

The cathodoluminescence of thin films containing rare-earth oxides was studied by Hansen and Myers (140). Films of yttrium oxide doped with rare earths were prepared in vacuum by electron-bombardment evaporation of the oxide powder mixtures. Luminescent rise and decay curves were obtained for activation with europium, gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium. 

B. Evans, Assistant Chemist. Rare-Earth Information Center. Energy itnd Mineral Resources Research Institute. Iowa Slate University. Ames. I,A. http //www.cxternal.ameslab.gov/. Cerium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Holmium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Rare-Earth Elements and Metals Praseodymium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thulium Ytterbium and Yttrium Daniel F. Farkas, Oregon State University. Corvallis. OR. http // oregonstate.edu/. Food Processing... 

Lowe, M. P., Parker, D., Reany, O., Aime, S., Botta, M., Castellano, G., Gianolio, E., Pagliarin, R. pH-dependent modulation of relaxivity and luminescence in macrocyclic gadolinium and europium complexes based on reversible intramolecular sulfonamide ligation, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001), 7601... 

The extra stability of half-filled orbitals is seen in the elements europium (4 f 6s2) and gadolinium (4f 5d) 6s2). The element ytterbium has fully-filled /-orbitals with the configuration 4/4 6s2 and the extra electrons in lutetium goes in 5d orbitals (4/4 5dl 6s2). So except for lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium which have a single electron in 5d orbitals the lanthanides do not have electron in the 5d orbitals. 

Lescop, C., Luneau, D., Rey, R et al. (2002) Synthesis, structures, and magnetic and optical properties of a series of europium(lll) and gadolinium(lll) complexes with chelating nitronyl and imino nitroxide free radicals. Inorganic Chemistry, 41, 5566-5574. 

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