Europe rivers

Kempe, S., Pettine, M., and Cauwet, G (1991) Biogeochemistry of Europe rivers. In Bio-geochemistry of Major World Rivers (Degens, E.T., Kempe, S., and Richey, J.E., eds.), pp. 169-211, John Wiley, New York. 

Sodium Hydroxide. Before World War 1, nearly all sodium hydroxide [1310-93-2], NaOH, was produced by the reaction of soda ash and lime. The subsequent rapid development of electrolytic production processes, resulting from growing demand for chlorine, effectively shut down the old lime—soda plants except in Eastern Europe, the USSR, India, and China. Recent changes in chlorine consumption have reduced demand, putting pressure on the price and availabiHty of caustic soda (NaOH). Because this trend is expected to continue, there is renewed interest in the lime—soda production process. EMC operates a 50,000 t/yr caustic soda plant that uses this technology at Green River it came onstream in mid-1990. Other U.S. soda ash producers have aimounced plans to constmct similar plants (1,5). 

Asiatic clams are freshwater moUusks. They probably origiaated ia China or eastern Asia and were iatroduced iato North America and Europe ia the past century. They were originally found ia warm water but their territory now extends to Minnesota. They have not yet been seen ia Canadian rivers or lakes. 

Palladium and platinum are the longest known and most studied of the six platinum metals [1-11], a reflection of their abundance and consequent availability. Platinum occurs naturally as the element, generally with small amounts of the other platinum metals. It was used as a silver substitute by Colombian Indians and first observed there by Ulloa (1736), who called it platina del Pinto ( little silver of the Pinto river ) but the first sample was actually brought to Europe in 1741 by Charles Wood, Assay Master of Jamaica. Palladium was isolated in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston, who was studying the aqua regia-soluble portion of platinum ores (he announced his discovery by an anonymous leaflet advertising its sale through a shop in Soho) and named it after the newly discovered asteroid Pallas [12],... 

Tockner K, Robinson CT, Uehlinger U (2009) Rivers of Europe. Academic, New York... 

Pusch M, Andersen HE, Bathe J et al (2009) Rivers of the Central European highlands and plains. In Tockner K, Robinson CT, Uehlinger U (eds) Rivers of Europe. Academic Press, New York, pp 525-576... 

Takkinen, J. (2006). Recent norovirus outbreaks on river and seagoing cruise ships in Europe. Euro Surveill. 11, E060615.2. 

Located on the outskirts of big cities, coal gas factories produced enormous amounts of pollutants, particularly ammonia-rich water and coal tar. Some of the coal tar was used to make pitch to waterproof ships, roofs, and rope. Some was turned into creosote for preserving wooden railway ties, used by the millions during the railroad boom of the 1840s. But Europe did not have enough roofs, ships, and railroads to absorb all the coal tar that was being produced, so most of it was dumped, often into rivers. Hofmann was eager to learn more about its composition and find uses for it. 

Ironically, despite all this scientific progress, modern fiberoptic cables went into service during a decade of chemical catastrophes more reminiscent of the old Leblanc factories than of optical fibers superpurity. On December 3, 1984, a cloud of deadly methylisocyanate gas leaked from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India the gas killed more than 3000 people and injured up to 25,000. Two years later in Europe, a Sandoz chemical factory spilled 30 tons of chemicals into the Rhine River, killing fish for 120 miles downstream. In North America, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled crude oil over 1000 miles of Alaskan coastline in 1989. 

Sostoa A, Lobon-Cervia J (1989) Fish and fisheries of the river Ebro actual state and recent history. In Petts GE, Moller H, Roux AL (eds) Historical change of large alluvial rivers Western Europe. Wiley, New York, pp 233-247... 

Consequently, Europe has historically been a hotspot of environmental pressures because of the contamination caused by agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities and high population densities [5, 6], Such contamination has led to poor water quality in many European river basins [7-12], In addition, this pollution can cause the accumulation in river sediments of toxic compounds such as pesticides [13], surfactants [14], and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [15], These can in turn act as a source to biota [16] and as a potential risk for entire ecosystems [17] if the compounds bioaccumulate, and thereby enter the food chain [18],... 

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