Oxalate ethylene glycol

In a subsequent reaction, the oxalate can be hydrogenated to ethylene glycol. Oxalate esters can also be reacted with NH3 giving oxamides, a fertilizer. 

Ethylene oxide Ethylene glycol Oxalic acid... 

With the exception of poly (ethylene oxalate) [poly(ethylene glycol oxalate)], saturated aliphatic polyesters have a relatively low melting point because of the low energy barrier to rotation (see Section 4.2). For example, poly(ethylene adipate) melts at 54°C. 

The oxidative coupling of CO in the presence of an alcohol to yield oxalate esters is under study by Ube Industries and Union Carbide [11]. In a subsequent reaction, the oxalate can be hydrogenated to ethylene glycol. Oxalate esters can also be reacted with NH3 giving oxamides, a fertilizer. 

In the case of human exposure to ethylene glycol, oxalic acid was found to be the end-product of metabolism. It precipitated to crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate in the tubular lumen, causing acute kidney injmy with extensive intracellular intraluminal crystal depositions, and subsequently acute oxalate nephropathy. ... 

Oxalic acid produced from syngas can be esteiified (eq. 20) and reduced with hydrogen to form ethylene glycol with recovery of the esterification alcohol (eq. 21). Hydrogenation requires a copper catalyst giving 100% conversion with selectivities to ethylene glycol of 95% (15). 

Many industrial processes have been employed for the manufacture of oxahc acid since it was first synthesized. The following processes are in use worldwide oxidation of carbohydrates, the ethylene glycol process, the propylene process, the diaLkyl oxalate process, and the sodium formate process. 

Nitric acid oxidation is used where carbohydrates, ethylene glycol, and propylene are the starting materials. The diaLkyl oxalate process is the newest, where diaLkyl oxalate is synthesized from carbon monoxide and alcohol, then hydrolyzed to oxahc acid. This process has been developed by UBE Industries in Japan as a CO coupling technology in the course of exploring C-1 chemistry. 

Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulphuric acid Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, fulminic acid (produced in ethanol-nitric acid mixtures), ammonium compounds See alkali metals (above)... 

A rather simple polymer can be made from ethylene glycol, HO—CH2—CH2—OH, and oxalic acid, HO—C—C—OH. 

Write the condensed structural formulas of the principal products of the reaction that takes place when (a) ethylene glycol, 1,2-ethanediol, is heated with stearic acid, CH,(CH2)i6COOH (b) ethanol is heated with oxalic acid, HOOCCOOH (c) 1-butanol is heated with propanoic acid. 

ADH also has clinical significance in the metabolism of methanol and ethylene glycol, two drugs with toxic metabolites. Methanol is oxidized by ADH to formaldehyde, which damages the retina and can cause blindness. Ethylene glycol is metabohzed by ADH to oxalic acid, which has renal tox-... 

Smirnova NW, Petrii OA, Grzejdziak A. 1988. Effect of ad-atoms on the electro-oxidation of ethylene glycol and oxalic acid on platinized platinum. J Electroanal Chem 251 73-87. 

Peroxides, organic Phosphorus (white) Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Silver Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold Air, oxygen Acids (see also chlorates) Acids (see also perchloric acid) Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulphuric acid Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, fulminic acid (produced in ethanol — nitric acid mixtures), ammonium compounds... 

Figure 2.114 Plots of the intensities of (i) the 1410cm 1 band, (ii) the OH" feature near 1910cm 1, (iii) the 1310cm" oxalate band and (iv) the glycolate band near 1075cm"1, vs. potential observed in the FTIR experiments on the oxidation of ethylene glycol. Initial ethylene glycol concentrations were (a) 0.06 M, (b) 0.2 M,

GO [Glycol oxalate] Also called UBE/UCC. A process for making ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide in three stages involving methyl nitrite and dimethyl oxalate ... 

If the metallisable dye is insoluble in water, a miscible solvent such as ethanol or ethylene glycol may be added. Polar solvents such as formamide or molten urea have sometimes been preferred. It is likely that such solvents will preferentially displace water molecules and coordinate with the chromium (III) ion as the first step in the reaction. If colourless organic chelates of chromium, such as those derived from oxalic or tartaric acid, are used instead of or in addition to hydrated chromium (III) salts, the difficulty of replacing the strongly coordinated water molecules in the first stage of the reaction is eliminated. In this way the initial reaction can be carried out at high pH without contamination by the precipitation of chromium hydroxide. Use of the complex ammonium chromisalicylate (5.12) in this connection should also be noted (section 5.4-1). 

The kinetic parameters for the oxidation of a series of alcohols by ALD are shown in Table 4.1 (74). Methanol and ethylene glycol are toxic because of their oxidation products (formaldehyde and formic acid for methanol and a series of intermediates leading to oxalic acid for ethylene glycol), and the fact that their affinity for ALD is lower than that for ethanol can be used for the treatment of ingestion of these agents. Treatment of such patients with ethanol inhibits the oxidation of methanol and ethylene glycol (competitive inhibition) and shifts more of the clearance to renal clearance thus decreasing toxicity. ALD is also inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole. 

Ethylene glycol is rapidly metabolised to glyco-laldehyde, then glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid and finally to oxalic acid. The metabolites are toxic to kidneys, brain and heart. 

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