Ethylene - Butane-1 Copolymers

The NMR spectroscopy has also been applied to the analysis of copolymers of ethylene with butane-1, hexane-1, octane-1 and 4-methyl pentene-1 [27]. Cheng [38] and Fisch and Dannenberg [39] have also discussed the application of C-NMR to the measurement of ethylene - butane-1 copolymers. They analysed copolymers containing up to 11% bound to propylene. 

NMR spectroscopy has also been used to elucidate the composition of butane -ethylene - propylene [41], ethylene - butene-1 [42] and 4-methyl pentene-1-pentene copolymer [42, 43]. 

A pyrolysis - gas chromatography method has been described [44-46] for the determination of the composition of an ethylene-butene-1 copolymer containing up to about 10% butene. Pyrolyses were carried out at 410 °C in an evacuated gas vial and the products swept into the gas chromatograph. Under these pyrolysis conditions, it is possible to analyse the pyrolysis gas components and obtain data within a range of about 10% relative standard deviation. The peaks observed on the chromatogram were methane, ethylene, ethane, combined propylene and propane, isobutane, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, ds-2-butene, 2-methyl-butane and w-pentane. 

A straight line relationship exists between the amount of ethylene produced on pyrolysis and the amount of f-butene in the ethylene - butene copolymer. The y intercept of 16.3% ethylene should represent that amount of ethane which would result from a purely linear polyethylene. An essentially unbranched Phillips-type polyethylene polymer yielded 14.5% ethylene, which is fairly close to the predicted 16.3%. 

Other methods for analysing ethylene - butane-1 copolymers include x-ray crystallography and melting point fractionation [47]. The most widely adopted technique is infrared spectroscopy using either a heated cell to eliminate the effects of crystallinity, or more simply by scanning a film of known thickness and comparing the absorbance to those 

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Filament wound flat strip composites of PE fibie-rrinforced ethylene-butane copolymer have been used for diff oit biomedical applications. Composites of three difierent matrix compositions and two winding angles were reported. The matrix composition varied with the copolymer ratio raidering the composite material softening and it is more compliant and suitable for different biomedical application [75]. 

SEBS Styrene-ethylene/butane-styrene block copolymer... 

Fig. 7.4. Overall distribution of n-sequences for random polyethylene/olefin copolymers (a) polyethylene/hexane copolymer (b) polyethylene/butane copolymer. The arrows indicate the critical length of ethylene sequences which is in equilibrium with undercooled melt at given Tc...

Physical blends of the two homopolymers, PE and polybutene-1 will not suffice because these have a different spectrum to a true copolymer with the same ethylene-butane ratio. An excellent method for preparing such standards is to copolymerise blends of ethylene and C-lahelled butane-1 of known activity. From the activity of the copolymer determined hy scintillation counting, its butane-1 content can be calculated. 

This is also found in hydrogenated poly-2,3-dimethylbutadiene, used as a model compound and in alternating copolymers of ethylene and butane-2 [2], In the polypropylenes examined by van Schooten and Mostert [3] and in ethylene-propylene copolymers, they found an absorption band near 9.0 pm, although, unlike van Schooten and Mostert [3] (see above), it was much less sharp than the model compound. 

Phase behavior studies with poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate), poly (ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), poly(ethylene-co-acrylic add), and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) were performed in the normal alkanes, their olefinic analogs, dimethyl ether, chlorodifluoromethane, and carbon dioxide up to 250 °C and 2,700 bar. The backbone architecture of the copolymers as well as the solvent quality greatly influences the solution behavior in supercritical fluids. The effect of cosolvent was also studied using dimethyl ether and ethanol as cosolvent in butane at varying concentrations of cosolvent, exhibiting that the cosolvent effect diminishes with increasing cosolvent concentrations. 

Kamiya et al. [33] studied diffusion of seven hydrocarbons (w-butane, wobutane, 1-butene, cw-2-butene, fran -2-butene, isobutylene, 1,3-butadiene) in two rubbery polymers 1,2-polybutadiene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The observed diffusion coefficients were compared with the sizes of diffusing molecules, estimated from molar volumes of liquid hydrocarbons, and shown to decrease regularly with increasing molecular size (see Figure 9.6) ... 

Ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer n-butane 1997LEE... 

Ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer n-butane 1993PRA... 

Ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer n-butane and dimethyl ether 1996LE2... 

Graft copolymers between unsatnrated acids, especially acrylic acid and maleic anhydride (MA), and polyolefins (PE and PP) are widely used as surface modifiers and compatibilisers, sometimes in combination with bi-functional coupling agents [46], for talc, calcium carbonate and calcined clays. Such polymer coatings include polypropylene-maleic anhydride [47], polypropylene c/s-4-cyclohexene-l,2 dicarboxylic acid [48], polystearyl or polylauryl acrylate [49], polypropylene-acrylic acid, partially oxidised poly(butane diol) [50] and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers [51]. Acid-containing products can react with basic fillers. With most other types, they will simply adsorb on to the mineral surface, but they can form esters with some non-basic metal hydroxyls, notably silanols. 

A Py-GC method has been described [37-39] for the determination of the composition or an ethylene-butene-1 copolymer containing up to about 10% butane. 

A) Pyrogram for vinyl chloride (95 per cent) - vinyl acetate (5 per cent) copolymer. Peak I, methane 2, ethylene 3, ethane 4, propylene 5, propane 6, n-butene 7, n-butane 8, acetic acid 9, benzene and 10, toluene. Amount pyrolysed 41 ug. 

Other thermoplastic polyesters have been reported, including copolyesters based on 1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene glycol and terephthalic acid and polymers and copolymers of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Little is known about established applications. Hot melt adhesives, based on polyesters made from adipic or phthalic acids with mono- or di-ethylene glycols or 1,4-butane diol, find use in shoe manufacture. 

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