Ethylene, biosynthesis

2-(1-Naphthyl)acetic acid Compounds used in fruit thinning 

2-(1 -Naphthyl)acetamide Compounds used in fruit setting 

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Chappell, J., Hahlbrock, K. Boiler, T. (1984). Rapid induction of ethylene biosynthesis in cultured parsley cells by fungal elicitor and its relationship to the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Planta, 161, 475-80. 

Kende H (1989) Enzymes of ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 91 1-4. 

Edwards JI, Saltveit ME and Henderson WR. 1983. Inhibition of lycopene synthesis in tomato pericarp tissue by inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and reversal with applied ethylene. J Am Soc Hort Sci... 

The nonprotein amino acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid, is an intermediate of ethylene biosynthesis in plants. This amino acid is synthesized from the L-a-amino acid methionine through the intermediate 5 -adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) (Scheme 8). ... 

Occurs in many plants Intermediate in ethylene biosynthesis 13... 

Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase, an Enzyme of Ethylene Biosynthesis... 

The possibility that many organic compounds could potentially be precursors of ethylene was raised, but direct evidence that in apple fruit tissue ethylene derives only from carbons of methionine was provided by Lieberman and was confirmed for other plant species. The pathway of ethylene biosynthesis has been well characterized during the last three decades. The major breakthrough came from the work of Yang and Hoffman, who established 5-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as the precursor of ethylene in higher plants. The key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate synthase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine lyase, EC 4.4.1.14 ACS) catalyzes the conversion of SAM to 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) and then ACC is converted to ethylene by 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) (Scheme 1). 

The ACS function is known only in higher plants. The activity of ACS isozymes is a key regulatory factor of ethylene biosynthesis pathway. In general, microorganisms liberate ethylene but their ethylene synthesis pathways do not involve ACC as an intermediate. Penicillium citrinum is the first reported microorganism that is able to synthesize ACC from SAM and to degrade it into ammonia and a-ketobutyrate, not to ethylene. ACS from P. citrinum shows a 100-fold higher for SAM than its plant counterparts. ... 

Grossmann K, Kwiatkowski J, Evidence for a causative role of cyanide, derived from ethylene biosynthesis, in the herbicidal mode of action of quinclorac in barnyard grass, Pestic Biochem Physiol 51 150-160, 1995. 

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