Ethyl nitrosourea

Fig. 8. Avoidance behavior towards an unprotected area displayed by the offspring of mice treated with the mutagen ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU). The behavior of the offspring is compared to a mean value calculated from the genetic background strain. Mice differing more than 2.75 SDs from the mean value (indicated by circles) are considered to be potential mutants and, after confirmation of the phenotype, are selected as founders for a ENU-mutant line...

Brooks, T.M. Dean, S.W. (1997) The detection of gene mutation in the tubular sperm of Muta Mice following a single intraperitoneal treatment with methyl methanesulphonate or ethyl-nitrosourea. Mutat. Res., 388, 219-222... 

Suzuki. T. Itoh, S., Takemoto, N., Yajima, N., Miura, M., Hayashi, M., Shimada, H. Sofuni. T. (1997) Ethyl nitrosourea and methyl methanesulfonate mutagenicity in sperm and testicular genu cells of lacZ transgenic mice (Muta Mouse). Mutat. Res., 388, 155-163... 

HER-2/nen gene was first discovered as a transforming oncogene in a series of ethyl nitrosourea-induced rat neuroblastomas, where it was called neu (Schecter et al., 1984). Approximately 15 years ago, this oncogene was isolated independently by two separate groups, which named it HER-2 (Coussens et al., 1985) and c-erbB-2 (Semba et al., 1985), respectively. Further evidence revealed that the two genes were the same (Schechter et al., 1985), and it was renamed HER-2Ineu. 

A few chemicals have been found to induce specific-locus mutations in spermatogonial stem cells, and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) is extremely effective. At the highest dose studied, an average of 1 of 141 offspring has a... 

Grunwald, D.J. and G. Streisinger. Induction of recessive lethal and specific locus mutations in the zebrafish with ethyl nitrosourea. Genet. Res. 59 103-116, 1992. 

Other Studies.—Studies on the alkylation of homopolynucleotides by a number of alkylating agents, some of which are potent carcinogens (e.g. ethylnitrosoguanidine, methyl- and ethyl-nitrosourea) indicate that an appreciable degree of alkylation takes... 

Druckrey, H., Schagen, B., and Ivankovic, S. (1970). Induction of neurogenic malignancies by one single dose of ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU) given to newborn and juvenile BD IX-strain rats. Z Krebsforsch 74, 141-161. 

Organometallics have been reported to Increase carcinogenic responses of known carcinogens in several studies. Mercury chloride has been shown to increase the transplacentally induced tumors by ethyl nitrosourea (121). The latency period... 

With an 8—10-fold higher number compared to hver, the thyroid stands out from many other tissues (Cole and Skopek, 1994). Indeed, SMR in mice thyroids without any experimental mutagenic challenge shows values that are usually only found in animals treated with mutagens, such as ethyl nitrosourea or benzol pyrene (van Steeg etat, 2000). 

Ethyl nitrosourea 3-Amino- Mouse C3H10T1/2 t 4 Borek,... 

Treatment for two complete cell cycles with increasing SAB concentrations significantly elevated the SCE frequency in CHO cells (Fig. 2a). Exposure to the alkylating agents MMS (10" M), ethyl nitrosourea (ENU, 10" Af), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS, 10"" M), or N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG, 10" M), in combination with SAB resulted in synergistic increases in SCEs (Fig. 2b). 

Irradiation and Alkylation Conditions. X-ray doses of 3-6 Gy were delivered from a Phillip s RTIOO X-ray machine (200 kVp 15 mA with a nominal half value layer of 0.35 cm copper). Cultures were inadiated with an incident dose rate of 1.3 J m s UV light (254 nm). Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wl), MMS (ICN Pharmaceuticals, Hainview, NY), ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS) (ICN Pharmaceuticals), or ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) (a gift of B. Singer, University of California, Berkeley), in tissue culture medium for 60 min to 4 h. 

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