Ethers, electrolytes

Reduction of dibenzothiophene with sodium in liquid ammonia has been shown to be sensitive to the experimental methods employed however, the major product is usually 1,4-dihydrodibenzothiophene. 27 -28i The electrochemical reduction of dibenzothiophene in ethylene-diamine-lithium chloride solution has been shown to proceed via stepwise reduction of the aromatic nucleus followed by sulfur elimination. In contrast to the reduction of dibenzothiophene with sodium in liquid ammonia, lithium in ethylenediamine, or calcium hexamine in ether, electrolytic reduction produced no detectable thiophenol intermediates. Reduction of dibenzothiophene with calcium hexamine furnished o-cyclohexylthiophenol as the major product (77%). Polaro-graphic reduction of dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide has shown a four-electron transfer to occur corresponding to reduction of the sulfone group and a further site. ... 

X. Wang, E. Yasukawa, S. Mori, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1999,146,3992-3998. Electrochemical behavior of lithium imide/cyclic ether electrolytes for 4 V lithium meted rechaigeable batteries. 

Webber A (1996) Nonaqueous cell having a lithium iodide-ether electrolyte. US Patent 5514491... 

Guiver et al. of National Research Council, Canada developed comb-shaped poly(arylene ether) electrolytes containing 2-A sulfonic acid groups on aromatic side chains (d) [76]. Their membranes showed relatively high proton conductivity and well-developed and continuous ionic domains. However, trade-off relationship between water uptake and proton conductivity of their membranes was not better than that of Nafion. In order to pronounce the hydrophilic/hydropho-bic differences, another series of comb-shaped aromatic ionomers with highly fluorinated main chains and flexible poly(a-methyl styrene sulfonic acid) side chains were developed [77]. The membranes seemed to have better properties than their previous version, however, chemical instability of the side chains needed to be improved. 

Ford, L. A. Novel Semifluorinated Polyaryl Ether Electrolytes Containing the Perfluo-rocyclobutane Linkage. Ph.D. Dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 2002 pp 18-21. 

Matsuda Y, Morita M, Yamashita T (1984) Conductivity of the lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBp4) mixed ether electrolytes for secondary lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 131 2821-2827. doi 10.1149/1.2115416... 

Table 8. The properties of UNCSOjCFslz/cydic ether electrolytes. From reference 37.

Ota H (2004) Characterization of lithium electrodes in lithium imides/ethylene carbonate and cyclic ether electrolytes. Surface chemistry. J Electrochem Soc 151 A437-A446... 

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