Ethanol as cosolvent

The effect of temperature and pH were evaluated for the PLE-catalyzed hydrolysis of diester (12) in a biphasic system using ethanol as cosolvent. It was observed that the e.e. of desired monoester (13) was increased with decreasing temperature from 25°C to 10°C. The optimum pH for asymmetric hydrolysis of diester (12) in a biphasic system using ethanol as a cosolvent was 7.2 at 10°C. 

Phase behavior studies with poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate), poly (ethylene-co-butyl acrylate), poly(ethylene-co-acrylic add), and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) were performed in the normal alkanes, their olefinic analogs, dimethyl ether, chlorodifluoromethane, and carbon dioxide up to 250 °C and 2,700 bar. The backbone architecture of the copolymers as well as the solvent quality greatly influences the solution behavior in supercritical fluids. The effect of cosolvent was also studied using dimethyl ether and ethanol as cosolvent in butane at varying concentrations of cosolvent, exhibiting that the cosolvent effect diminishes with increasing cosolvent concentrations. 

Theobromine and caffeine can be extracted out of cacao nibs with carbon dioxide adding ethanol as cosolvent in much shorter times. Simultaneously cacao butter is extracted... 

Caffeine can be reduced to about 10 % of its original level with solvent flow of less than 70 kg/kg starting material. The addition of ethanol as cosolvent wouldn t be necessary but accelerates the process. 

Reduction of theobromine needs water and ethanol as cosolvents and a solvent flow of at... 

Comparing micellization behavior in the cosolvents formamide, ethanol, and glycerol, some interesting trends were observed [64], With formamide or ethanol as cosolvent the micelle formation of Pluronic P105 occurs at higher concentrations and temperatures compared to water without cosolvent. However, for glycerol the results show an opposite trend. The addition of glycerol promotes the formation of... 

Ozkal et al. [89] investigated the effect of parameters on the SCFE of apricot kernels. Amongst others, they considered the effect of the use of and the amount of ethanol as cosolvent. They found that an increase in the amoimt of co-solvent lead to an increase in the fatty acid yield. The fatty acid contents was not presented for all samples, only the maximum yield sample and a composition similar to that using traditional organic solvent extraction was obtained. 

Macias-Sanchez MD, Serrano CM, Rodriguez MR, de la Ossa EM, Lubian LM, Montero O (2008) Extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll from microalgae with supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol as cosolvent. J Sep Sci 31 1352... 

Intraveous administration of microemulsions, oil in water, that are pharmaceutically acceptable have also been reported. An example of this micromeulsion is composed of MCT, soybean PC and poly(ethylene glycol)(660)-12-hydroxystearate (12-HSA- E015) as amphiphUes, and poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG 400) and ethanol as cosolvents (61). The mean droplet diameter of the oil-in-water emulsion reported was between 60 and 200 nm. It was concluded that it is possible to administer it without producing any... 

It turns out that amitriptyline and propranolol hydrochlorides can be titrated in a water/ethanol mixture with a 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution with a pH-metric equivalence point detection. Levomepromazine hydrochloride can be titrated in the same conditions but with propanol instead of ethanol as cosolvent. Propanol is preferred to ethanol because of the very high lipophilicity of the levomepromazine base. 

Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 has several advantages. One is that CO2 is nontoxic, nonflammable, and noncorrosive. Also, the end product is obtained as a powder without the need for drying [197]. However, the relatively high equipment purchase and maintenance pose a major constraint. This technique has been successfully used to extract polyphenols from grape pomace, generally using CO2 modified with methanol [198-201] or ethanol as cosolvent [202]. 

Palakodaty and coworkers (15) used such cosolvent distfibution in defining the process variables for crystallizing lactose monohydrate from aqueous media in a quasi-continuous operation and reported the effect of methanol and ethanol as cosolvents on the crystallized product. The flow conditions of different... 

ROJ Rojo, S.R., Martin, A., Calvo, E.S., and Cocero, M.J., SolubiUty of polycaprolactone in supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol as cosolvent, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 54, 962, 2009. 

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