Inorganic esters formation

Formation of esters of inorganic acids (Section 15 9) Alkyl nitrates dialkyl sulfates trialkyl phos phites and trialkyl phosphates are examples of alkyl esters of inor game acids In some cases these compounds are prepared by the direct reaction of an alcohol and the inorganic acid... 

Figure 2. Mechanism of dihydroxyacetone/arsenate reaction with FDP aldolase. Both dihydroxyacetone and inorganic arsenate are not the inhibitor of the aldolase reactions. The rate constant for the arsenate ester formation is determined enzymatically (a plot of 1/v vs 1/E gives a non-zero intercept which is attributed to the rate at infinite enzyme concentration and that rate corresponds to the rate of nonenzymatic formation of the arsenate ester).

Inorganic ester formation. With cold cone. H2SO4, sulfate esters are formed. 

In a broader sense, the term esterification may include all reactions in which esters, both of organic and inorganic acids, are formed. We shall limit the discussion in this section, however, to ester formation from organic carboxylic acids and alcohols... 

Epoxides, summary of chemistry, 290 Equatorial bond, 168 Equilibrium and free energy, 36 Equivalent H s, 50 Erythro form, 82, 85 Esters, formation, 338 inorganic, 262, 272, 276 reduction, 261 Ethers, cleavage, 282 crown, 286 cyclic, 285 silyl, 286... 

Starch is capable of ester formation with either organic or inorganic acids. Reaction may, in general, be effected by any of the well-known esterification procedures after their adaptation and modification to fit the special requirements of the starch macromolecules. The esters pro-... 

Polysaccharides are capable of ester formation with either organic or inorganic acids. Reaction may, in general, be effected by any of the well-known esterification procedures after their adaptation and modification to fit the possible special requirements of carbohydrate macromolecules. The esters produced are derivatives of high polymers and as such portray typical macromolecular properties in addition to natural ester behavior. Esterification with organic acids usually alters the properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and, hence, alters the solubility so that the ester is no longer soluble in water but is soluble in organic liquids. 

Inorganic Ester Formation. Phenols and alcohols react exothermically with TDI to give sulfonic acid diesters in high yield (eq 6). ... 

Gel formation takes place via step polymerization, wherein the many hydroxyl groups of various BH40 molecules are linked together via ester formation with diacid chlorides. As with inorganic sol-gel chemistry, the reactions used are straightforward and reaction speed is readily varied from seconds to days by adjusting the catalyst concentration, but proper control of the conditions under which these reactions proceed is critical or the desired materials will not be obtained. 

Strictly speaking the alkyl halides are esters of the halogen acids, but since they enter into many reactions (t.g., formation of Grignard reagents, reaction with potassium cyanide to yield nitriles, etc.) which cannot be brought about by the other eaters, the alkyl halides are usually distinguished from the esters of the other inorganic acids. The preparation of a number of these is described below. 

A mixture of dihydroxyacetone and inorganic arsenate can replace DHAP due to the transient formation of a monoarsenate ester which is recognized by the aldolase as a DHAP mimic21. This approach suffers from the high toxicity of arsenate, especially at the relatively high levels (>0.5 M) needed for efficient conversion, and from problems in product isolation. 

The reaction of alkyl sulfates with alkoxide ions is quite similar to 10-12 in mechanism and scope. Other inorganic esters can also be used. One of the most common usages of the reaction is the formation of methyl ethers of alcohols and phenols by treatment of alkoxides or aroxides with methyl sulfate. The alcohol or phenol can be methylated directly, by treatment with dimethyl sulfate and alumina in cyclohexane. Carboxylic esters sometimes give ethers when treated with alkoxides (Bal2 mechanism, p. 473) in a very similar process (see also 10-24). 

Not only do oximes undergo the Beckmann rearrangement, but so also do esters of oximes with many acids, organic and inorganic. A side reaction with many substrates is the formation of nitriles (the abnormal Beckmann rearrangement, 17-31). Cyclic ketones can be converted directly to lactams in one laboratory step by... 

Formation of Ester Intermediates. A number of oxidations involve the formation of an ester intermediate (usually of an inorganic acid), and then the cleavage of this intermediate ... 

Dining maintenance work on casings of fans used to extract perchloric acid fumes, seven violent explosions occurred when flanges sealed with lead oxide-glycerol cement were disturbed. The explosions, attributed to formation of explosive compounds by interaction of the cement with perchloric acid, may have involved perchlorate esters and/or lead salts. Use of an alternative inorganic silicate-hexafluorosilicate cement is recommended. 

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