Essentially Novel Processes

Keeping in mind the controversial discussion on new physics in micro reactors [198], we certainly have to be at least as careful when introducing or claiming essentially novel chemical processes. A thorough scientific consideration is required for an exact definition and differentiation here that is beyond the scope of this book. So far, no deep-rooted scientific work has been published analyzing the origin of the novelty of chemistry under micro-channel processing conditions. 

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Biooxidation is an essential activation process for some organothiophosphorus neurotoxicants (1). m-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) has been used to mimic some of these reactions but without identifying the products derived from phosphorothiolates (.2,3). We observed that S-alkyl phosphorothiolates react with MCPBA to form a new and unexpected class of phosphinyloxysulfonates via a novel rearrangement process (Eq. 1). 

Urea is used as a fertilizer and is made by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide. The reactions essentially proceed to equilibrium, but the process must be designed to minimize emissions of ammonia. The urea is usually formed into a solid product by prilling. U.S. 6,921,838 (to DSM B.V.) describes a novel process for urea production. Estimate the cost of producing ammonia via this route. Assume that carbon dioxide is available as a byproduct of the ammonia plant (see problem E.7.1). 

A particularly important, powerful, and novel capability of the instrument described here is the rather short 0.1 s minimim measurement interval required to define a complete admittance spectrum (Item E, above). Unfortunately, a major sacrifice has been made to realize such rapid measurement characteristics. Specifically, the ability to monitor in real time some aspect of the cell or faradaic admittance has been waived. With measurement intervals less than 5-6 seconds, the possibility of interspersing the essential data processing for some useful type of real-time cell or faradaic admittance readout does not exist with the instrumentation described. Because we normally either prefer or are forced (e.g., a.c. cyclic voltammetry) to use the advantages of short measurement intervals, our... 

Many authors regard chemical micro engineering as a separate, novel discipline (see, e.g., [5]), the term micro-reactor engineering being used already in an early citation [6], What is essentially different about micro reactors, i.e. what differentiates micro-reactor and chemical-micro-processing ... 

During the cleanse, it is best to avoid stimulants such as coffee, tea or sedatives such as alcohol. Avoid smoking. A calm emotional body is also best during this time. Do what it takes to be relaxed and avoid violent TV or novels. Spend time resting, contemplating nature or soaking in warm water scented with essential oils. Enjoy the process of purifying your body and mind. 

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